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| Voltaic pile, the first known battery.Formally, an electrical "battery" is an array of similar voltaic cells ("cells") connected in series.However, in many contexts it is common to call a single cell a battery.Primary batteries can only be used once because they use up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction.Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions they use are reversible; they are recharged by running a charging current through the battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current.Although an early form of battery may have been used in antiquity, the modern development of batteries started with the Voltaic pile, invented by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800.Since then, batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for many purposes.The widespread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution.Generally, battery life can be prolonged by storing the battery in a cool place and using it at an appropriate current.History
2 How batteries work
3 Classification of batteries
3.Battery capacity and discharging
5 Conversion to energy
6 Effect of a battery's internal resistance
7 Battery lifetime
7.Life of primary batteries
7.Life of rechargeable batteries
7.Battery heat, explosion and other hazards
8.The modern story of the battery begins in the 1780s with the discovery of "animal electricity" by Luigi Galvani, which he published in 1791.He noticed that even though the frog was dead, its legs would twitch when he touched them with the metals.He already had studied the electrostatic phenomenon of capacitance, which required measurements of electric charge and of electrical potential.In 1799, Volta invented the battery by placing many voltaic cells in series, literally piling them one above the other.In many parts of Europe batteries continue to be called piles.Michael Faraday showed around 1830, an unavoidable consequence of their operation.Although early batteries were of great value for experimental purposes, their limitations made them impractical for large current drain.The battery has since become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.It consists of one or more voltaic cells.Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or liquid.Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell.The electrical potential difference, or across the terminals of a battery is known as its terminal voltage, and is measured in volts.An ideal battery has negligible internal resistance, so it would always have a terminal voltage of .This means that to produce a potential difference of 1.Because of the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds, lithium cells can provide as much as 3 volts or more.Batteries are usually divided into two broad classes:
Primary batteries irreversibly transform chemical energy to electrical energy.When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means.Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, were restored to operation by replacing the components of the battery consumed by the chemical reaction.Each type is in wide usage, as each has its own advantages.Primary cells were also commonly used for alarm and communication circuits where other electric power was only intermittently available.Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells, although some electronics enthusiasts claim it is possible to do so using a special type of charger.Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.This battery is notable in that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas produced by these batteries during overcharging.This greatly improves resistance to damage from vibration and heat."Disposable" may also imply that special disposal procedures must take place for proper disposal according to regulation, depending on battery type.Lithium Iron Disulphide battery: commonly used in digital cameras.Sometimes used in watches and computer clocks.Thionyl Chloride battery: is used in industrial applications, including computers, electric meters and other devices which contain volatile memory circuits and act as a "carryover" voltage to maintain the memory in the event of a main power failure.The cells are rated at 3.Almost exclusively military applications.Nickel Oxyhydroxide battery: Ideal for applications that use bursts of high current.Paper battery: In August 2007, a research team at Rensselaer (led by Drs.As well, they can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet.Their light weight and low cost make them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, and automobiles, while their ability to use electrolytes in blood make them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers.Nokia mobile phone battery.Also known as secondary batteries or accumulators.The National Electrical Manufacturers Association has estimated that U.NiCd batteries can withstand even more drain than NiMH; however, the mAh rating is not high enough to keep a device running for very long, and the memory effect is far more severe.NiMH batteries can last up to four times longer than alkaline batteries because NiMH can withstand high current for a long while.Flow batteries
Flow batteries are a special class of rechargeable battery where additional quantities of electrolyte are stored outside the main power cell of the battery, and circulated through it by pumps or by movement.Flow batteries can have extremely large capacities and are used in marine applications and are gaining popularity in grid energy storage applications.Homemade cells
Almost any liquid or moist object that has enough ions to be electrically conductive can serve as the electrolyte for a cell.In addition, one can make a voltaic pile from two coins (such as a nickel and a penny) and a piece of paper towel dipped in salt water.Sony has developed a biologically friendly battery that generates electricity from sugar in a way that's similar to what's found in living organisms.The battery generates electricity through the use of enzymes that break down carbohydrates, which are essentially sugar.This is a process whereby lead sulfate forms on the plates, and during charge is converted to lead dioxide (positive plate) and pure lead (negative plate).Repeating this process results in a microscopically rough surface, with far greater surface area being exposed.This increases the current the cell can deliver.Daniell cells are also easy to make at home.The cells in a battery can be connected in parallel, series, or in both.Cells in parallel are therefore usually fitted with an electronic circuit to protect them against these problems.In both series and parallel types, the energy stored in the battery is equal to the sum of the energies stored in all the cells.NiZn battery (higher cell voltage 1.See also: battery electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicle.Battery capacity and discharging
The more electrolyte and electrode material there is in the cell, the greater the capacity of the cell.Thus a small cell has less capacity than a larger cell, given the same chemistry (e.Because of the chemical reactions within the cells, the capacity of a battery depends on the discharge conditions such as the magnitude of the current, the duration of the current, the allowable terminal voltage of the battery, temperature, and other factors.The available capacity of a battery depends upon the rate at which it is discharged.If a battery is discharged at a relatively high rate, the available capacity will be lower than expected.CBatt is the battery capacity (typically given in mAh).The relationship between current, discharge time, and capacity for a lead acid battery is expressed by Peukert's law.The efficiency of a battery is different at different discharge rates.When discharging at low rate, the battery's energy is delivered more efficiently than at higher discharge rates.For example, a battery rated at 2000 mAh may not sustain a current of 1 A for the full two hours.It also typically takes longer to recharge.Accurate calculation of the energy stored in the battery is complex due to the varying terminal voltage during discharge (and so the need to specify an end terminal voltage for discharge), and due to the dependency of total capacity on the discharge rate and discharge duty.Secondary batteries always yield less energy than was used to charge them, since (among other reasons) the terminal voltage during charging is higher than during discharging.Effect of a battery's internal resistance
A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source (i.The voltage source depends mainly on the chemistry of the battery, not on whether it is empty or full.When a battery runs down, its internal resistance increases.When the battery is connected to a load (e.When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source.As the battery runs down and its internal resistance increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance increases, so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to deliver power to the load decreases.Ri is the battery's internal resistance,
I is the current flowing through the battery.The rate of the side reactions is reduced if the batteries are stored at low temperature, although some batteries can be damaged by freezing.High or low temperatures may reduce battery performance.This will affect the initial voltage of the battery.For an AA alkaline battery this initial voltage is approximately normally distributed around 1.Due to their poor shelf life, rechargeable batteries should not be stored and then relied upon to power flashlights or radios in an emergency.For this reason, it is a good idea to keep alkaline batteries on hand.NiCd Batteries are almost always "dead" when purchased, and must be charged before first use.Normally a fast charge, rather than a slow overnight charge, will result in a shorter battery lifespan.This decreases battery capacity and causes the dreaded "memory effect".Because of vibration, shock, heat, cold, and sulfation of their lead plates, few automotive batteries last beyond six years of regular use.Care should be taken to avoid deep discharging a starting battery, since each charge and discharge cycle causes active material to be shed from the plates.Special "reserve" batteries intended for long storage in emergency equipment or munitions keep the electrolyte of the battery separate from the plates until the battery is activated, allowing the cells to be filled with the electrolyte.Extending battery life
Battery life can be extended by storing the batteries at a low temperature, as in a refrigerator or freezer, because the chemical reactions in the batteries are slower.In order to reach their maximum voltage, batteries must be returned to room temperature; therefore, alkaline battery manufacturers like Duracell do not recommend refrigerating or freezing batteries.With car batteries, explosions are most likely to occur when a short circuit generates very large currents.In addition, car batteries liberate hydrogen when they are overcharged (because of electrolysis of the water in the electrolyte).However, when "jumping" a car battery, the high current can cause the rapid release of large volumes of hydrogen, which can be ignited by a nearby spark (for example, when removing the jumper cables).In extreme cases, the battery acid may spray violently from the casing of the battery and cause injury.Additionally, disposing of a battery in fire may cause an explosion as steam builds up within the sealed case of the battery.It may also cause damage to the charger or device in which the overcharged battery is later used.Short circuit
A short circuit can lead to a battery fire or explosion.Even if the battery and wire were not ideal, the current could still be high enough to create an explosion.Environmental considerations
Since their development over 250 years ago, batteries have remained among the most expensive energy sources, and their manufacturing consumes many valuable resources and often involves hazardous chemicals.For these reasons, many areas now have battery recycling services available to recover some of the more toxic (and sometimes valuable) materials from used batteries.The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, the Unabridged Edition (2nd edition), 1996 ed.Net Industries Science Encyclopedia.Retrieved 26 August 2007.Retrieved 11 September 2007.Battery History, Technology, Applications and Development.Power Shift: DFJ on the lookout for more power source investments.Accessed 20 November 2005.Originally from Hutchinson Encyclopaedia."Batteries and Fuel Cells."Isidor Buchmann, Will secondary batteries replace primaries?Retrieved 2 September 2007.Revolutionary rechargeable USB battery that can charge from any USB port.Retrieved 6 November 2007.Retrieved 6 January 2008.New Battery in place of Dry Cell Battery for the 21st Century.Retrieved 6 January 2008.Retrieved 26 August 2007.Retrieved 9 September 2007.Howstuffworks "Battery Experiments: Voltaic Pile".Sony Develops A Bio Battery Powered By Sugar.Accessed 24 August 2007.Howstuffworks "Battery Reactions and Chemistry".Retrieved 20 September 2007.Retrieved 26 August 2007.Engineers Edge: Traction Battery.Retrieved 26 August 2007.Battery Council International: Lead Acid Batteries.Retrieved 26 August 2007.AA Portable Power Corp..Kite Aerial Photography Electronic Resources.Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition.San Francisco: Pearson Education.Your battery problems solved!Portable power is all around us and BatteryWeb.Start saving time and money with Batteryweb.Batteries, Battery Chargers and Accessories
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Thank You For Purchasing Your Batteries at BatteryWeb.No more running out of power!AC adapter to charge the battery.This universal external laptop battery is designed for use in Acer, Dell, HP, and many other notebooks.DC to AC power inverter 'in reverse,' like a battery charger, during normal operation providing greater performance and efficiency.This ultra sleek, ultra portable external battery is great for business trips and vacations.EL1 replacement battery for use exclusively with Nikon digital cameras.EL1 replacement Nikon battery allows you to take up to 250 images on your COOLPIX digital camera.Click here to see all Compaq Laptop Batteries.Fits ThinkPad T20, T21, T22, T23, and T series.Amstron laptop batteries are guaranteed to meet or exceed original manufacturer specifications.Click here to see full line of laptop AC adapters cross referenced by laptop brands and models.The Battery Tender Plus is a 1.Click here to see full line of Battery Tender Battery Chargers.Ion batteries have a longer life than conventional batteries and do not require replacement as often.Ion Primary Battery from Dell helps you power up your system for business trips and vacations.With a capacity of 66 WHr this Dell battery lets you work seamlessly when you are on the move.Whether for pleasure or business we use our laptops, cell phones, PDA, and a millions of other toys every day.Since we're always on the go we need to have a source of quality discount batteries and battery chargers that can keep up with our active lifestyles.We provide a large selection of replacement batteries, battery chargers and power supplies for all of your needs.If you need power supplies for your camcorder, cellular phone, PDA, laptop, two way radios and everything in between, we can deliver it to you.Understanding your battery needs
We here at AtBatt strive to make you battery purchases easy.Since we understand that finding the right batteries for your needs can be overwhelming and confusing at times we developed a battery finder tool to help find the right size for the make and model of your equipment.We also offer educational articles and tips to help you conserve your rechargeable batteries and choose the proper battery chargers and some of the common functions of different power supplies.AtBatt, here to Serve You
AtBatt believes in providing the best for our clients.Our goal is to exceed your expectations.So, we have someone available to assist you seven days a week.We even offer to ship your orders through FedEx for the fastest arrival.You can track your orders conveniently from your home or office.High capacity, low price laptop batteries, named brands batteries are guaranteed to meet or exceed the performance of your original batteries here.High capacity, low price laptop batteries, laptop battery charger, named brands batteries are guaranteed to meet or exceed the performance of your original batteries here.In our store you will find a select number of premium quality batteries, chargers and other accerssories at very competitive prices to save you money.OEM product is made solely for purposes of demonstrating compatibility.You are here: BatteriesPlus.Visit our Franchise Opportunities site.The 25 Franchises That Made the Cut for Our ListBy Lauren Baier Kim, Startup Journal
For prospective franchisees contemplating a purchase, the number of options can be daunting.FRANdata, an Arlington, Va based independent franchise research firm.Ultimately, we cannot say that these franchisees are the best in the U.Our list is not a ranking; franchises appear in alphabetical order.Franchise SnapshotsTo get to our 25, we began with a universe of 1,458 systems for which detailed performance information was available for 2005 from their Uniform Franchise Offering Circulars, including audited financial statements.Only brands with separately disclosed financial performance data were included in the final list.That meant excluding outfits like McDonald's Corp.Seven or more years of experience franchising.Darrell Johnson, president of FRANdata."If you look at a company that only has one year offranchising experience, it might not know how much support to provide franchisees," even if it knows a great deal about its core business, he says.For example, a dissatisfied or unsuccessful franchisee might sell a franchise orclose at a loss.We wanted the systems on our list to have top executives with significant experience at the company.All the franchises on our list had topexecutives with at least six years of experience at the company.Looking over our list as it stood, we eliminated two more franchises.Another franchise with more than 700 units had a net growth in units of only 20 in the past five years; we thought readers would want to see franchises with more active expansion plans.Thus, we came up with our list of 25.Minimum investment alone is a differentiating factor.StartupJournal will be doing an ongoing series of franchising articles throughout the year to provide our readers with information that will help them make the best investment for them and then make the best of their investment."For digital cameras, which drain power fast, many brands (Panasonic Oxyride, Duracell PowerPix) make a nickel oxyhydroxide battery that's a step up," he says."An alkaline battery takes 50 to 60 pictures.Cons: You need a charger and must power up before use."Smaller and more powerful than NiMH batteries, they are becoming the choice for consumer electronics," says Peter Roth, a battery researcher at Sandia National Laboratories.They are intended for a specific use and are not sold in common individual sizes (AA, C) for general use.To extend the life of a battery, do not overcharge it, Klatt says.Continuous charging generates heat, which is detrimental.""We have daylight savings time coming up this Sunday, and we suggest that people change the batteries in their smoke alarm at that time," Martinez said."And then we have the holidays, and the big presents this year are all wireless or portable.And if the battery isn't in stock, Martinez said he knows where to find it.If we don't have it in stock, we source it out," Martinez said.In an era in which wireless products are becoming more and more popular, demand for batteries is growing.Many children's toys, consumer computers, cameras and electronics require different types of batteries."It's a way to rebuild old batteries, like batteries for cordless shavers."The store itself is retail, but we do commercial sales, too," he said."We take it in free of charge and send it off."On the horizon may be the busiest time of the year for the battery salesman."With Christmas, all the new toys all require batteries," Martinez said."It's going to be one of the best times ever to sell batteries."The distribution site both days will be at the Batteries Plus store, 6021 SW 29th Street, suite D.Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Dist.More Batteries Plus storesopening soon
Our network of all battery stores is growing.Batteries Plus, with locations in Nashua and Manchester, recently opened a new store in Salem.New Hampshire in November 2000.Denny Kolodze, sells more than 12,000 varieties of batteries and has a tech center where it can recycle, recharge and rebuild nearly any battery.Full list of stores opening soon.We do more than sell batteries
We install a wide variety of batteries and we build custom battery packs.Learn about our tech center.Don't get caught in the cold this winter.Stop in your local Batteries Plus and have one of our expert technicians test your car battery.We do installations at most locations too, no appointment necessary!Get a sure start every time with a fresh battery from Batteries Plus.We strive to provide you with the lowest prices possible on batteriesplus.PAGE NAME(S) CHANGE THIS IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO USE TITLE TAGS FOR PAGE NAMES
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hbx.Hello, you either have JavaScript turned off or an old version of Adobe's Flash Player.This video has been added to your favorites.This video will appear on your blog shortly.Thank you for sharing your concerns.Content of this nature is not necessarily prohibited on YouTube, however we will review this video and take action as appropriate.Please refer to our Help Center for more information and the complete instructions.Thank you for sharing your concerns.Please refer to our Help Center for more information and the form to submit.Change this to see only comments above a certain value.Someone said Slayer is the greatest band...In the video he does like the BEST headbang of all time.Would you like to comment?Metallica playing battery, probably the best live version I have ever seen.Ripped from my Metallica Dvd collection enjoy.After making your selection, copy and paste the embed code above.The code changes based on your selection.Copyright 2008 Battery Ventures. |
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