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Info: Biography, Pictures, Discography of all CDs & DVDs |
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| French for "first") can be read.The braille system, devised in 1821 by Frenchman Louis Braille, is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write.Each braille character or cell is made up of six dot positions, arranged in a rectangle containing two columns of three dots each.For reference purposes, a particular permutation may be described by naming the positions where dots are raised, the positions being universally numbered 1 to 3, from top to bottom, on the left, and 4 to 6, from top to bottom, on the right.In braille, pages are separated by a line so that you can feel going across the page.The braille system was based on a method of communication originally developed by Charles Barbier in response to Napoleon's demand for a code that soldiers could use to communicate silently and without light at night called night writing.Barbier's system was too complex for soldiers to learn, and was rejected by the military; in 1821 he visited the National Institute for the Blind in Paris, France, where he met Louis Braille.Braille identified the major failing of the code, which was that the human finger could not encompass the whole symbol without moving, and so could not move rapidly from one symbol to another.The Braille alphabet
1.The Braille cell
1.Grade 2 Braille Contractions
2.Braille transcription
4 Braille for other scripts
5 See also
6 External links
6.The Braille alphabet
Braille can be seen as the world's first binary encoding scheme for representing the characters of a writing system.The system as originally invented by Braille consists of two parts:
A character encoding for mapping characters of the French language to tuples of six bits or dots.Today different braille codes (or code pages) are used to map character sets of different languages to the six bit cells.Different braille codes are also used for different uses like mathematics and music.Braille cell only offers 64 possible combinations, of which some are omitted because they feel the same (having the same dots pattern in a different position), many Braille characters have different meanings based on their context.In addition to simple encoding, modern braille transcription uses contractions to increase reading speed.Braille generally consists of cells of 6 raised dots arranged in a grid of two dots horizontally by three dots vertically.The dots are conventionally numbered 1, 2, and 3 from the top of the leftward column and 4, 5, and 6 from the top of the rightward column.The presence or absence of dots gives the coding for the symbol.Encoding
As originally conceived by Louis Braille, a sequence of characters, using the top 4 dots of the braille cell, represents letters a through j.Both of the bottom dots (dots 3 and 6) are added to the symbols for "a" through e to give letters u, v, x, y, and z.The letter w is an exception to the pattern because French did not make use of the letter "w" at the time Louis Braille devised his alphabet, and thus he had no need to encode the letter "w".English braille codes the letters and punctuation, and some double letter signs and word signs directly, but capitalization and numbers are dealt with by using a prefix symbol.In practice, braille produced in the United Kingdom does not have capital letters.There are braille codes for representing shorthand (produced on a machine which embosses a paper tape) and for representing mathematics (Method Braille) and musical notation (braille music).Writing braille
Braille may be produced using a slate and a stylus in which each dot is created from the back of the page, writing in mirror image, by hand, or it may be produced on a braille typewriter or Perkins Brailler, or produced by a braille embosser attached to a computer.It may also be rendered using a refreshable braille display.All 256 (28) possible combinations of 8 dots are encoded by the Unicode standard.Braille with six dots is frequently stored as braille ASCII.The question mark is dots 2,3,6 which you may notice is the same as the opening quotation mark.Therefore, the placement context will determine whether the parentheses is opening or closing.This is just a small sample of some of the contractions that are used in Grade 2 Braille.More information about Grade 2 Braille is below in the section on Braille transcription.Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article.Braille glyphs according to their binary appearance, rather than following the alphabetic order of any particular convention.Unicode defines the "Braille Patterns" character block in the hex codepoint range from 2800 to 28FF.Grade 1 Braille) is used only by beginners.Braille characters are much larger than their printed equivalents, and the standard 11" by 11.To reduce space and increase reading speed, virtually all braille books are transcribed in what is known as Grade 2 Braille, which uses a system of contractions to reduce space and speed the process of reading.As with most human linguistic activities, Grade 2 Braille embodies a complex system of customs, styles, and practices.The Library of Congress's Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing runs to nearly 200 pages.Braille transcription is skilled work, and braille transcribers need to pass certification tests.In English, the system of Grade 2 Braille contractions begins with a set of 23 words which are contracted to single characters.Thus the word but is contracted to the single letter b, can to c, do to d, and so on.Portions of words may be contracted, and many rules govern this process.At the beginning of a word, this same character stands for the word "to" although the character is written in braille with no space following it.At the end of a word, the same character represents an exclamation point.The contraction rules take into account the linguistic structure of the word; thus, contractions are not to be used when their use would alter the usual braille form of a base word to which a prefix or suffix has been added.Grade 3 Braille is a system that includes many additional contractions, almost a shorthand; it is not used for publication, but is used mostly for individuals for their personal convenience.The current series of Canadian banknotes have raised dots on the banknotes that indicate the denomination and can be easily identified by visually impaired people; this 'tactile feature' does not use standard braille but, instead, a system developed in consultation with blind and visually impaired Canadians after research indicated that not all potential users read braille.In India there are instances where the parliament acts have been published in Braille too.Braille for other scripts
See main articles: Hebrew braille, Japanese braille, Korean braille, Vietnamese braille and Tibetan braille, Chinese braille.The braille plate is installed near the English version of the same.The English version of the braille plate.When braille is adapted to languages which do not use the Latin alphabet, the blocks are generally assigned to the new alphabet according to how it is transliterated into the Latin alphabet, and the alphabetic order of the national script (and therefore the natural order of Latin braille) is disregarded.Such is the case with Russian, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Chinese.Esperanto also, is as the u but the first dot is moved to the fourth place.Greater differences occur in Chinese braille.In the case of Mandarin Braille, which is based on Zhuyin rather than the Latin Pinyin alphabet, the traditional Latin braille values are used for initial consonants and the simple vowels.However, there are additional blocks for the tones, diphthongs, and vowel + consonant combinations.Cantonese k (g in Yale and other modern romanizations) when initial, but aak when final, while Latin j represents Cantonese initial j but final oei.However, at least three adaptations of Braille have completely reassigned the Latin sound values of the blocks.These are, Japanese braille, Korean braille, and Tibetan braille.These modifications made Braille much more compatible with Japanese kana and Korean hangul, but meant that the Latin sound values could not be maintained.In French Braille, because of the letters not in the English alphabet, those extra letters are assigned cells which are used for contractions in English Braille.Because of this, grade 2 Braille cannot be used and therefor French Braille is in uncontracted Braille (or grade 1 Braille) only.Braille alphabet card
Alternate Text Production Center
National Braille Association, Inc.Irwin's As I Saw It, 1955, gives a history of the "War of the Dots" that ultimately led to the adoption of the English form of the braille literary code in the United States and the demise of American braille and New York Point, its main competitors.This page was last modified 17:32, 10 January 2008.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.PROMOTING LITERACY FOR THE BLIND IN THE 21st CENTURY
Identical twins, April and Amanda Jones, show how reading Braille enables them to compete on a basis of equality with their sighted peers in public school.Braille Facts
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Library!Why is there a decrease in the use of Braille?Why is the International Braille Research Center necessary?Braille is a code which enables blind persons to read and write.It was invented by a blind Frenchman, Louis Braille, in 1829.Braille is embossed by hand (or with a machine) onto thick paper, and read with the fingers moving across on top of the dots.Combinations of Braille dots within a cell represent contractions of two or more print letters and Braille characters take up three times as much space as print.Braille is used by blind persons whose vision is sufficiently impaired that they cannot ordinarily read print.Braille is the only reliable method of literacy for blind persons because it enables them to read and write and can actually be substituted for print in most circumstances.Blind persons of all ages and in all walks of life use Braille in the same ways that sighted persons use print.Lydia Richardson appears engrossed in reading a fascinating story in Braille.Why is there a decrease in the use of Braille?As blind students were integrated into public school programs, the teaching and use of Braille decreased.There is a significant shortage of qualified teachers of the blind who know Braille and can teach it.The use of tape recorders, and computers with synthetic speech have reduced the use of Braille.Listening to a document is not the same as reading it.Without Braille, Helen Keller could not have been educated, and even in death, she wanted to emphasize the importance of Braille in her life.The International Council of Research Fellows, comprised of Braille experts from throughout the world, sets research goals for the International Braille Research Center.The English Braille Code has not been updated to keep pace with the information explosion.Currently, there are separate Braille codes for mathematics, scientific notation and computers.Separate codes make Braille confusing to learn and to use.Barbara Pierce, editor of the Braille Monitor (the monthly magazine of the National Federation of the Blind) takes time off to relax with a good book in a rocker by the fireplace.The book happens to be in Braille.Why is the International Braille Research Center necessary?Its mission is to encourage and promote the teaching and use of Braille.To achieve this goal, research studies are being conducted to determine the best methods for teaching Braille.Distinguished teachers of Braille are recognized for their outstanding service to blind students.Under contract to the International Council on English Braille, the International Braille Research Center has conducted a definitive research study which validates the efficacy of the new Unified Braille Code.This new system establishes one English Braille code in place of many separate ones.Braille code is easier to teach, to learn and to use.The International Braille Research Center provides expertise and guidance to both public and private entities who wish to make Braille more widely available to blind persons.Photographs courtesy of National Federation of the Blind, Inc.Send a secret message to your Mom!The Braille Bug wants to hear from you!Would you like your own Braille Bug alphabet card?Please allow 3 to 4 weeks for delivery.Braille Bug Alphabet Cards in bulk!The Braille Bug wants to hear from you!Education Service Center, Region 20 assists businesses and other agencies in complying with Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements to assist visually impaired clients.Cranking Amps: 527
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Braille's B3121 Battery is designed to work in every car on the road for any climate!With up to a 6 year service life this is a way to save mainenance costs and fuel costs in your vehicle!Braille's development process was and is a result of racing involvement.Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles:
With the highest energy density of any sealed AGM battery, our batteries are the choice of those looking to reduce weight and increase the range of their hyrbid or electric vehicle.Braille's batteries are air safe and proven to save weight, fuel costs and increase payload of aircraft.We have the most powerful AGM battery per pound of any deep cycle on the market today!Contact us today to discuss your needs.We can manufacturer what you need.Braille takes Podium at the 2007 NOPI Drift Championship!Braille Auto Factory Team Enters Formula D Professional Drift Series!Braille Auto Development joins forces with one of their distributors, EDO performance in the NOPI professional drifting series!TOYOTA YARIS OWNERS: NOW YOU HAVE A SPECIALIST SELLING BRAILLE PRODUCTS, G2 AUTOSPORTS IN CONOGA PARK, CALIFORNIA!THE TIRE RACK IS NOW SERVICING YOUR LIGHTWEIGHT BATTERY NEEDS WITH THEIR HIGHLY TRAINED SALES STAFF!NOPI NOW DISTIBUTING BRAILLE BATTERIES FROM THE ATLANTA REGION!BRAILLE CARBON FIBER WINGS NOW READY TO ORDER!BSR PRODUCTS Joins as a the premier distributor for NASCAR, IMSA and LeMans racing for Braille Products!BRAILLE AUTO TITANIUM STRUT BARS NOW AVAILABLE TO ORDER!JEGS Online Offers Braille Batteries and Accessories!EDO Performance now offers 2 large warehouse locations to purchase Braille Products!HURRY SUPPLIES LIMITED AT THIS TIME!Braille Auto Development Releases NEW BATTERIES at the Performance Racing Industry Show in Orlando, FL!Braille Institute of America, Inc.Braille is writing system which enables blind and partially sighted
people to read and write through touch.Each cell represents a letter, numeral or punctuation mark.Grade 1, which consists of the 26 standard
letters of the alphabet and punctuation.It is only used by people
who are first starting to read Braille.Braille page cannot fit as
much text as a standard printed page.Books, signs in public places,
menus, and most other Braille materials are written in Grade 2 Braille.Grade 3, which is used only in personal letters,
diaries, and notes.It is a kind of shorthand, with entire words
shortened to a few letters.Chinese, and is also used for musical
and mathematical notation.Transliteration
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