| For other uses of the names "Dionysus" and "Dionysos", see Dionysos (disambiguation).For uses of the similar name "Dionysius", see Dionysius.For the moth genus, see Evius (moth).He represents not only the intoxicating power of wine, but also its social and beneficial influences.Greek," Burkert asserts (1985:163).He was also known as the Liberator (Eleutherios), freeing one from one's normal self, by madness, ecstasy, or wine.The divine mission of Dionysus was to mingle the music of the aulos and to bring an end to care and worry.There is also an aspect of Dionysus on his relationship to the "cult of the souls", and the scholar Xavier Riu writes that Dionysus presided over communication between the living and the dead.In Greek mythology Dionysus is made to be a son of Zeus and Semele; other versions of the myth contend that he is a son of Zeus and Persephone.Nysa, for Greek writers, is either the nymph who nursed him, or the mountain where he was attended by several nymphs (the Nysiads), who fed him and made him immortal as directed by Hermes.Worship
The above contradictions suggest to some that we are dealing not with the historical memory of a cult that is foreign, but with a god in whom foreignness is inherent.The bull, the serpent, the ivy and the wine are the signs of the characteristic Dionysian atmosphere, infused with the unquenchable life of the god.He may be recognized by the thyrsus he carries.The pinecone that tipped his thyrsus linked him to Cybele, and the pomegranate linked him to Demeter.The Dionysia and Lenaia festivals in Athens were dedicated to Dionysus.Introduced into Rome (c.Etruria, the bacchanalia were held in secret and attended by women only, on three days in the year in the grove of Simila near the Aventine Hill, on March 16 and 17.Subsequently, admission to the rites were extended to men and celebrations took place five times a month.Bacchanalia were prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.In spite of the severe punishment inflicted on those found in violation of this decree, the Bacchanalia were not stamped out, at any rate in the south of Italy, for a very long time.Liber ("the free one") was a god of fertility and growth, married to Libera.Qingdao Beer Museum, Qingdao city, Shandong province, China.Dionysus sometimes has the epithet Acratophorus, by which he was designated as the giver of unmixed wine, and worshipped at Phigaleia in Arcadia.In Sicyon he was worshiped by the name Acroreites.As Bacchus, he carried the Latin epithet Adoneus, "Ruler".Aegobolus, "goat killer", was the name under which he was worshiped at Potniae in Boeotia.In the Roman pantheon, Sabazius became an alternate name for Bacchus.Though Zeus begged her not to ask this, she persisted and he agreed.Zeus rescued the fetal Dionysus, however, by sewing him into his thigh.Hera again attempted to kill the child, this time by sending Titans to rip Dionysus to pieces after luring the baby with toys.Zeus drove the Titans away with his thunderbolts, but only after the Titans ate everything but the heart, which was saved, variously, by Athena, Rhea, or Demeter.This narrative was apparently used in certain Greek and Roman mystery religions.Variants of it are found in Callimachus and Nonnus, who refer to this Dionysus under the title Zagreus, and also in several fragmentary poems attributed to Orpheus.One version of the story is that Hermes took the boy King Athamas and his wife Ino, Dionysus' aunt.Other versions have Zeus giving him to Rhea, or to Persephone to raise in the Underworld, away from Hera.Alternatively, he was raised by Maro.In Phrygia the goddess Cybele, better known to the Greeks as Rhea, cured him and taught him her religious rites, and he set out on a progress through Asia teaching the people the cultivation of the vine.The most famous part of his wanderings is his expedition to India, which is said to have lasted several years.As a young man, Dionysus was exceptionally attractive.They attempted to kidnap him and sail him far away to sell for ransom or into slavery.Dionysus turned into a fierce lion and unleashed a bear onboard, killing those he came into contact with.The only survivor was the helmsman, Acoetes, who recognized the god and tried to stop his sailors from the start.For this act, he was made one of the twelve Olympians.In the play, Dionysus returns to his birthplace, Thebes, ruled by his cousin, Pentheus.He wanted to exact revenge on the women of Thebes, his aunts Agave, Ino and Autonoe and his cousin Pentheus, for not believing his mother Semele when she said she had been impregnated by Zeus, and for denying that Dionysus was a god and therefore not worshipping him.The female worshippers of Dionysus were known as Maenads, who often experienced divine ecstasy.Pentheus was slowly driven mad by the compelling Dionysus, and lured to the woods of Mount Cithaeron to see the Maenads.When the women spied Pentheus, they tore him to pieces like they did earlier in the play to a herd of cattle.Brutally, his head was torn off by his mother Agave as he begged for his life.Dionysus fled, taking refuge with Thetis.Dionysus then sent a drought and the people revolted.Dionysus made King Lycurgus insane, and he sliced his own son into pieces with an axe, thinking he was a patch of ivy, a plant holy to Dionysus.Hades to rescue his mother Semele.Prosymnus died before Dionysus could honor his pledge, so in order to satisfy the shade of his Erastes the god fashioned a phallus from an olive branch and sat on it at Prosymnus' tomb.It was the source of the custom of parading wooden phalloi at the god's festivities.Ampelos
Another pederastic myth of the god involves his eromenos, Ampelos, a beautiful satyr youth whom he loved dearly.Secondary myths
A third descent by Dionysus to Hades is invented by Aristophanes in his comedy The Frogs.After a competition Aeschylus is chosen in preference to Euripides.In some variants, he had her crown put into the heavens as the constellation Corona; in others, he descended into Hades to restore her to the gods on Olympus.Callirhoe was a Calydonian woman who scorned a priest of Dionysus who threatened to inflict all the women of Calydon with insanity (see Maenad).Callirhoe threw herself into a well which was later named after her.His iconography became more complex in the Hellenistic period, between severe archaising or Neo Attic types such as the Dionysus Sardanapalus and types showing him as an indolent and androgynous young man (such as this one).Kessler has theorized that a mosaic appearing on the triclinium floor of the House of Aion in Nea Paphpos, Cyprus details a monotheistic worship of Dionysus.This short section requires expansion.Several Gods that predate Christianity but possibly show very close simmilarities to Jesus can be found.For example, he was worshipped on December 25th (Rustic Dionysia) (Christmas), the day of the winter solstice in ancient Greek times, and his mayor holiday was in March called City Dionysia (Easter).One webpage even claims to have sources Dionysus died on the cross.In another parallel Powell adduces, Dionysus was distinct among Greek gods as a deity commonly felt within individual followers.Wine was important to Dionysus, imagined as the creator, and Jesus's Marriage at Cana.Martin Hengel replied that opposing traditions would be anachronistic, and that since all Palestinians were familiar with the transformation of water to wine as a miracle, it was expected from the Messiah to perform it.The extreme positions of copying Dionysian traditions or only referring to the Old Testamony are both no longer taken, but that there was a Dionysian background especially, but not only when the Marriage of Cana was written.Peter Wick argues that the use of wine symbolism in the Gospel of John, including the story of the Marriage at Cana at which Jesus turns water into wine, is intended to show Jesus as superior to Dionysus.Dionysus Bacchus at the Corfu Museum.The two remain intrinsically related and dependent upon one another in an endless state of conflict.The Russian poet and philosopher Vyacheslav Ivanov elaborated the theory of Dionysianism, which traces the roots of literary art in general and the art of tragedy in particular to ancient Dionysian mysteries.His views were expressed in the treatises The Hellenic Religion of the Suffering God (1904), and Dionysus and Early Dionysianism (1921).The mythographer Karl Kerenyi devoted much energy to Dionysus over his long career; he summed up his thoughts in Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life (Bollingen, Princeton) 1976.Dionysus is the main character of Aristophanes' play The Frogs, later updated to a modern version by Stephen Sondheim ("The time is the present; The place is ancient Greece").In Aristophanes' play, Euripides competes against Aeschylus to be recovered from the underworld; In Sondheim's, George Bernard Shaw faces William Shakespeare.It was Doors keyboard player Ray Manzarek who made the comparison first, and in turn Jim called Ray Apollo.Dionysus ended up becoming one of Morrison's nicknames.London, England is called the Bacchanalians Dricket and Crinking Club, in honour of Dionysus, or Bacchus.He is friends with the fauns and centaurs, and is shown celebrating a harvest festival.He has bright pink skin and rosy red cheeks hinting at his problems with alcoholism.He always carries either a bottle or glass of wine in his hand, and like in the myths, wears a wreath of grape leaves upon his head.In the MMORPG Runescape, the true name of the elusive Wise Old Man is thought to be Dionysus.During this quest, a book may be retrieved from the desk of the leader of the fishing colony which details the exploits of Dionysus, which the fishing colony leader has been reading in search of aid.Dionysius (together with Demeter) was used as an archetype for the character Tori by contemporary artist Tori Amos in her 2007 album American Doll Posse.Amos created five personalities for the album, each representing a different Greek god or goddess.The technology gives him the appearance and powers of the ancient god, including his ability to summon a chariot harnessed to leopards, create a bacchanalia, and heal.Dionysus is depicted as a relatively weak god in the novel, but a subversive one whose powers are able to undermine the authority of tyrants.In Greek "both votary and god are called Bacchus."Dionysus as The Liberator in relation to the City Dionysia festivals."The divine mission of Dionysus was to mingle the music of the flute and to bring surcease to care"; Fox then cites Euripides as a direct source for this statement."Dionysus presides over communications with the Dead".Mount Nysa which figures in the story of Lykourgos ...Dionysos had been reborn from the thigh of Zeus, Hermes entrusted him to the nymphs of Mount Nysa, who fed him on the food of the gods, and made him immortal".Professor of Classics, California State University, Northridge, 2005, Dionysos website.Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.This story is told in full only in Christian sources (whose aim was to discredit pagan mythology).Arnobius, Against the Gentiles 5.Classical Myth Second ed.With new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M.Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.Farnell, Lewis Richard, The Cults of the Greek States, 1896.Carpenter and Christopher A.Karl, Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, (Princeton: Bollingen) 1976."Classical Myth," 5th edition, 2007.ISBN
Ridgeway, William, Origin of Tragedy, 1910.European Races in special reference to the origin of Greek Tragedy, with an appendix on the origin of Greek Comedy, 1915.Riu, Xavier, Dionysism and Comedy, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers (1999).Dionysos (Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World).Dionysos
Temenos of Dionysos, Hellenic polytheist site
Thiasos Lusios, pagan Dionysian organization
Dionysos Links and Booklist (A huge list of links.This page was last modified 02:19, 11 January 2008.Countless books and articles have been written about the Greek god Dionysos (also spelled Dionysus).Dionysos is an atypical Greek deity.While the Olympian gods are bright beings of sunlight, Dionysos is a creature of mystery, his very essence an enigma.He is the patron deity of the Maenads (or Bacchantes), those wild women who roamed the lofty peaks shouting "evoi, evoi" and were said to tear living animals apart in their trance of divine possession.He is the god who brings wine, but also an intoxication that merges the drinker with the deity.And, perhaps most significantly, his connection with a certain type of cult activity, known as a "mystery", separates him from his fellow Olympians (with the exception of the goddess Demeter, who inspired her own mystery cult).It is through these mystery cults, the secrets of which were so well guarded that we know but a few essential details, that we come into contact with a unique characteristic of Dionysos; for according to the legends of one the cults, the god himself dies.And yet some of his followers believed that he was slain, and then reborn.So the path to understanding Dionysos is divergent from the one that leads to knowledge of the rest of the Olympian gods.For pictures and information about Dionysos in art, visit the Mythography gallery!For best results, use lower case queries in Altavista's syntax...And I know how to lead off the sprightly dance of the Lord Dionysos, the dithyramb.This book is a great source for information about Greek and Roman mythology!Organized alphabetically, this who's who features information about over 1200 of the most intriguing characters from Classical myth and legend.And there is a comprehensive entry on Dionysos.No part of this website, including text and images, may be reproduced or copied in any form
or by any means without the express prior written permission of Loggia."Are you sure you want to block this user?France, Espagne, Portugal, Euro Star Team ) et un concert avec Cali, le Cercle, Dani, Dionysos et Olivia Ruiz.Film buffs think that Herbie and the Jedi are characters from American films, but rock fans know that Herbie (Coccinelle) and Jedi are songs by Dionysos.Dionysos started off as an unknown group, climbing up and up.Ten years later, with a handful of albums to their name, phenomenal concerts, hit songs (like Coccinelle and Jedi), a record that went gold (Western sous le neige) and dreams coming true one by one, Dionysos became a great group.Talking of big spiders, there..Dionysos album: Giant Jack.He was conceived by the sharp mind of Mathias, Dionysos..Monsters in love, the fifth album recorded in April 2005 in Southern England with the illustrious John Parish, has links to Mathias..Not really, as Giant Jack is always around and the members of Dionysos are never far away.Monsters in love, 29 August 2005: Dionysos is back, with a magical vengeance.As always with Dionysos, there are voyages aplenty ..And just to wrap things up, or for no good reason whatsoever, Dionysos returned to Morocco in June to play its first concerts since recording Monsters in love.That falls on a Monday, which should put a smile of plenty of faces for the rest of the week.Mais les amateurs de rock, eux, savent bien que Coccinelle et le Jedi sont des chansons de Dionysos.Au debut, Dionysos etait le petit groupe qui monte qui monte qui monte.Au bout de dix ans, apres une poignee de d'albums, des concerts phenomenaux, des tubes (Coccinelle et Jedi, donc), un disque d'or (Western sous le neige) et des reves croques a chaque etape, Dionysos est devenu un grand groupe.Une grosse bete, il y en a une sur le nouvel album de Dionysos : Giant Jack.Il est ne dans le cerveau pas lent de Mathias, chanteur de Dionysos.Monsters in love, cinquieme album enregistre en avril 2005 dans le Sud de l'Angleterre avec l'illustre John Parish, est lie au livre de Mathias, a cette traversee solitaire vers le deuil et l'age adulte.Pas vraiment, car Giant Jack est toujours dans les parages, et les membres de Dionysos jamais loin.Il a donc couve le tout Bath dans le studio de John Parish.Et pour boucler la boucle, ou parce que la terre est ronde, Dionysos a retrouve le Maroc en juin, donnant ses premiers concerts apres l'enregistrement de Monsters in love.Spanish people want to see Dionysos!Et les paroles sont magnifiques merci Matthieu!Comment les gens ils peuvent demander de tels trucs sur internet quoi!Mille et Un Sourires !!!!CD done and do some shows where I can hopefully meet some of you.TWO GUITAR PLAYERS WANTED...The new material we are working on will have a guitarmony sound and will require three players.Studio and Live experience a plus.Ability to write guitar parts for existing melody lines.If you or someone you know is what we are looking for.Et pour le Caprices Festival de Montana !!!Your music is NIce I Like it.Hey GuysThanks fir the requestAll the best !"Urgent Security Alert","Warning: You are submitting information to an outside site.This is not a MySpace login page, please do not enter your MySpace login information (email address or password).Do you wish to continue your form submission?"Id + " Link: " + targetLink.Dionysos was already known in Greece before 1200 B.Poseidon (through the line Poseidon 5 Agenor 5
Kadmos).Dionysos was six months along at the time, and Hermes snatched him up (cf.This is the reason why Dionysos visits Thebes in the Bacchae.Dionysos later rescued his mother from Hades, and
she was installed in heaven under the name THYONE.DIONYSOS, son of Zeus and PERSEPHONE.But at HERA's instigation the TITANS seized the child, tore him apart, and ate him (cannibalism).Semele in a drink, which made her pregnant.Apparently Dionysos was raised by Nymphs on this Mount Hyades (though he was also raised elsewhere by Aunt Ino, who was given the child by Hermes; and also at Macris in Euboea).Homeric Hymn to Dionysos, Hymn I): One day the god, who was on the Island of Icarus, was captured by Tyrrhenian pirates, who had agreed to give him passage to Naxos, but decided to hold him for ransom instead (Arion and the dolphin story: Herodotus I).Rhea) cured him of his madness).The story is told in full in Euripides' last play The Bacchae (produced in 405 B.The band consists of five members known as Babet, Guillaume, Mathias, Miky Biky and Rico.Their first release, Happening Songs, was entirely in English, Babet wasn't part of the band yet.The name is based on the name of the ancient Greek god, Dionysus (Dionysos in French).Almost all Dionysos songs evoke a surreal world, in part due to the influence of Tim Burton and Roald Dahl on the group.Guitar, phonograph turntable, banjo, lapsteel.Bass guitar, contrabass, synthesizer.Violin, synthesizer, vocal, banjo, theremin.Synthesizer, banjo, glockenspiel, musical saw, ukulele, lapsteel, guitar.Discography
Happening Songs (1996).The first appearance of Babet.Western Sous La Neige (Trema, 2002).Monsters in Love (Trema, 2005).See Copyrights for details.DIONYSOS (or Dionysus) was the great Olympian god of wine, vegetation, pleasure and festivity.His campaign against the Indians.The content of the various pages is outlined in the table below.Naxos, Greek Aegean
Andros, Gr.DIONE (Scholiast on Pindar's Pythian 3.DIONYSOS, the youthful, beautiful, but effeminate god of wine.He is also called both by Greeks and Romans Bacchus (Bakchos), that is, the noisy or riotous god, which was originally a mere epithet or surname of Dionysus, but does not occur till after the time of Herodotus.Ammon and Amaltheia, and that Ammon, from fear of Rhea, carried the child to a cave in the neighbourhood of mount Nysa, in a lonely island formed by the river Triton.Ammon there entrusted the child to Nysa, the daughter of Aristaeus, and Athena likewise undertook to protect the boy.Others again represent him as a son of Zeus by Persephone or Iris, or describe him simply as a son of Lethe, or of Indus.Dionysi, and Diodorus (iii.The common story, which makes Dionysus a son of Semele by Zeus, runs as follows: Hera, jealous of Semele, visited her in the disguise of a friend, or an old woman, and persuaded her to request Zeus to appear to her in the same glory and majesty in which he was accustomed to approach his own wife Hera.When all entreaties to desist from this request were fruitless, Zeus at length complied, and appeared to her in thunder and lightning.Semele was terrified and overpowered by the sight, and being seized by the fire, she gave premature birth to a child.Hera was now urged on by her jealousy to throw Ino and Athamas into a state of madness, and Zeus, in order to save his child, changed him into a ram, and carried him to the nymphs of mount Nysa, who brought him up in a cave, and were afterwards rewarded for it by Zeus, by being placed as Hyades among the stars.Dionysus, When Cadmus heard, they said, that Semele was mother of a son by Zeus, he put her and her child into a chest, and threw it into the sea.The plain of Brasiae was, for this reason, afterwards called the garden of Dionysus.Philia, Coronis, and Cleis, in Naxos, whither the child Dionysus was said to have been carried by Zeus (Diod.Hippa, on mount Tmolus, nursed him (Orph.Macris, the daughter of Aristaeus, received him from the hands of Hermes, and fed him with honey.Mount Nysa, from which the god was believed to have derived his name, was not only in Thrace and Libya, but mountains of the same name are found in different parts of the ancient world where he was worshipped, and where he was believed to have introduced the cultivation of the vine.Hermes, however, is mixed up with most of the stories about the infancy of Dionysus, and he was often represented in works of art, in connexion with the infant god.When Dionysus had grown up, Hera threw him also into a state of madness, in which he wandered about through many countries of the earth.He now traversed all Asia.The most famous part of his wanderings in Asia is his expedition to India, which is said to have lasted three, or, according to some, even 52 years.Dardai, Eares, Zabioi, Malloi, Pandai, Sibai.Dionysus also visited Phrygia and the goddess Cybele or Rhea, who purified him and taught him the mysteries, which according to Apollodorus (iii.With the assistance of his companions, he drove the Amazons from Ephesus to Samos, and there killed a great number of them on a spot which was, from that occurrence, called Panaema.According to another legend, he united with the Amazons to fight against Cronus and the Titans, who had expelled Ammon from his dominions.He is even said to have gone to Iberia, which, on leaving, he entrusted to the government of Pan.All the host of Bacchantic women and Satyrs, who had accompanied him, were taken prisoners by Lycurgus, but the women were soon set free again.When this was done, his madness ceased, but the country still remained barren, and Dionysus declared that it would remain so till Lycurgus died.The Edones, in despair, took their king and put him in chains, and Dionysus had him torn to pieces by horses.As the people there also refused to acknowledge him, he made the women mad to such a degree, that they killed their own babes and devoured their flesh.Afterwards, however, Dionysus and Perseus became reconciled, and the Argives adopted the worship of the god, and built temples to him.One of these was called the temple of Dionysus Cresius, because the god was believed to have buried on that spot Ariadne, his beloved, who was a Cretan.He hired a ship which belonged to Tyrrhenian pirates; but the men, instead of landing at Naxos, passed by and steered towards Asia to sell him there.In all his wanderings and travels the god had rewarded those who had received him kindly and adopted his worship : he gave them vines and wine.After he had thus gradually established his divine nature throughout the world, he led his mother out of Hades, called her Thyone, and rose with her into Olympus.The place, where he had come forth with Semele from Hades, was shown by the Troezenians in the temple of Artemis Soteira (Paus.Argives, on the other hand, said, that he had emerged with his mother from the Alcyonian lake.There is also a mystical story, that the body of Dionysus was cut up and thrown into a cauldron by the Titans, and that he was restored and cured by Rhea or Demeter.The extraordinary mixture of traditions which we have here had occasion to notice, and which might still be considerably increased, seems evidently to be made up out of the traditions of different times and countries, referring to analogous divinities, and transferred to the Greek Dionysus.As the cultivation of the vine spread in Greece, the worship of Dionysus likewise spread further; the mystic worship was developed by the Orphici, though it probably originated in the transfer of Phrygian and Lydian modes of worship to that of Dionysus.After the time of Alexander's expedition to India, the celebration of the Bacchic festivals assumed more and more their wild and dissolute character.Dionysus is, therefore, the god of wine, the inventor and teacher of its cultivation, the giver of joy, and the disperser of grief and sorrow.Thus, it is said, that he had as great a share in the Delphic oracle as Apollo (Eurip.The notion of his being the cultivator and protector of the vine was easily extended to that of his being the protector of trees in general, which is alluded to in various epithets and surnames given him by the poets of antiquity (Paus.As the Greek drama had grown out of the dithyrambic choruses at the festivals of Dionysus, he was also regarded as the god of tragic art, and as the protector of theatres.In later times, he was worshipped also as a theos chthonios, which may have arisen from his resemblance to Demeter, or have been the result of an amalgamation of Phrygian and Lydian forms of worship with those of the ancient Greeks.This circumstance is of great interest, and points out the great change which took place in the course of time in the mode of his worship, for afterwards we find him accompanied in his expeditions and travels by Bacchantic women.The temples and statues of Dionysus were very numerous in the ancient world.Among the sacrifices which were offered to him in the earliest times, human sacrifices are also mentioned.Subsequently, however, this barbarous custom was softened down into a symbolic scourging, or animals were substituted for men, as at Potniae.The animal most commonly sacrificed to Dionysus was a ram.As an infant handed over by Hermes to his nurses, or fondled and played with by satyrs and Bacchae.As a manly god with a beard, commonly called the Indian Bacchus.He there appears in the character of a wise and dignified oriental monarch; his features are expressive of sublime tranquillity and mildness; his beard is long and soft, and his Lydian robes (bassara) are long and richly folded.His hair sometimes floats down in locks, and is sometimes neatly wound around the head, and a diadem often adorns his forehead.Theban Bacchus, was carried to ideal beauty by Praxiteles.He is often seen leaning on his companions, or riding on a panther, ass, tiger, or lion.This representation occurs chiefly on coins, but never in statues.DIONYSUS MYTHS SUMMARY I APOLLODORUS
Several ancient poets and writers attempted to arrange the mythology of Dionysos into a tidy chronological narrative.The mythographer Apollodorus provides us with the neatest of these narratives.Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.So Zeus, unable to refuse, arrived in her bridal chamber in a chariot with lightning flashes and thunder, and sent a thunderbolt at her.Kadmos circulated the story that she had slept with a mortal, thereafter accusing Zeus, and because of this had been killed by a thunderbolt.At the proper time Zeus loosened the stitches and gave birth to Dionysos, whom he entrusted to Hermes.Zeus loosened the stitches and gave birth to Dionysos, whom he entrusted to Hermes.Incensed, Hera inflicted madness on them.Dionysos into a baby goat.Dionysos was the discoverer of the grapevine.Dionysos, the Egyptian Osiris and the Phoenician god of wine.Dionysos in Greece and those of the Phrygian gods Kybele and Sabazios in Anatolia.Indian and Amazon nations.The story of Dionysos and King Midas of Phrygia also falls within this part of the cycle.Thetis, but his Bakkhai were taken captive along with the congregation of Satyroi that accompanied him .Edonians took Lykourgos to Mount Pangaion and bound him, and there in accordance with the will of Dionysos, he was destroyed by his horses and died.In Homer, the story is set during Dionysos' childhood, elsewhere he is an adult god travelling from land to land.Dionysos crossed Thrake and came to Thebes, where he compelled the women to leave their homes and cavort in a frenzy on Kithairon.He went up on Kithairon to spy on the Bakkhai, but was torn to pieces by his mother Agaue, for in her madness she thought he was a wild animal.Dionysos came to Attika .Erigone, in the act of mourning her father, hanged herself.Ikaria to Naxos he hired a trireme of Tyrrhenian pirates.The men went mad and dove into the sea, where they became dolphins.Apollodorus places the story of Dionysos' Aegean wanderings after Argos (section 12).However, in the usual tradition, Dionysos arrives in Argos from the islands with Ariadne and an army of island women.Apollodorus describes the wedding of Dionysos and Ariadne in the Theseus section of his book.The story, however, belongs here in the chronology of the Dionysos saga.It seems unlikely she was originally connected with Theseus, since her story and children otherwise belong to an earlier generation of myth.After Dionysos had demonstrated to the Thebans that he was a god, he went to Argos where again he drove the women mad when the people did not pay him honour, and up in the mountains the women fed on the flesh of the babies suckling at their breasts.In the local Argive legend Perseus warred with Dionysos and his troop of island women and Ariadne was killed in the fighting.With events like these, men learned that Dionysos was a god, and they began to honour him.The recognition of the divinity of Dionysos is applicable to all the previous stories of his wanderings.Thyone, and escorted her up to the sky.This myth had a place in Argive cult, where Dionysos is said to have descended to Haides through the Alkyonean Lake.His quest to the underworld perhaps also included the recovery of his wife Ariadne, who had been slain by Perseus in the Argive war, in addition to recovering his mother Semele.Death and reincarnation was an important part of the Dionysian cult.The story of the binding of Hera, in which Dionysos led Hephaistos back to Olympos to release the goddess and was offered a seat amongst the twelve Olympians, is curiously absent from Apollodorus.Several other stories are absent from Apollodorus' account.Seneca's Hymn to Dionysos in the play Oedipus summarizes the god's story from birth to heavenly ascension.Greek poet Nonnus wrote an epic poem describing the birth and adventures of Dionysos, centred on his War against the Indians.His account of the wanderings of Dionysos varies from that of Apollodorus, with its focus on stories of the East.I) THE HOMERIC HYMNS
Homeric Hymn 1 to Dionysus 17 ff (trans.White) (Greek epic C7th to 4th B.The hymn begins with the story of the nursing of the god on Mount Nysa.Be favourable, O Eiraphiota (Insewn) Gynaimanes (Inspirer of frenzied women)!And so, farewell, Dionysos Eiraphiota (Insewn) with your mother Semele whom men call Thyone.Dionysos, the son of glorious Semele.The story of his birth follows.Zeus and glorious Semele.But when the goddesses had brought him up, a god oft hymned, then began he to wander continually through the woody coombes, thickly wreathed with ivy and laurel.And so hail to you, Dionysos god of abundant clusters (polystaphylos)!II) THE ORPHIC HYMNS
Orphic Hymn 45 to Dionysus (trans.Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.God, furious inspirer, bearer of the rod : by Gods revered, who dwellest with humankind, propitious come, with much rejoicing mind.Immortal Daimon, hear my suppliant voice, give me in blameless plenty to rejoice; and listen gracious to my mystic prayer surrounded with thy choir of nurses fair.Liknitos Dionysos, bearer of the vine, thee I invoke to bless these rites divine: florid and gay, of Nymphai the blossom bright, and of fair Aphrodite, Goddess of delight.Persephoneia, and born the dread of all the powers divine.Bakkhos Perikionios, hear my prayer, who madest the house of Kadmos once thy care, with matchless force his pillars twining round, when burning thunders shook the solid ground, in flaming, sounding torrents borne along, propped by thy grasp indissolubly strong.Come, mighty Bakkhos, to these rites inclined, and bless thy suppliants with rejoicing mind.Lernaion, bearer of the vine; from fire descended, ranging, Nysion king, from whom initial ceremonies spring.Gods the father and the offspring famed.Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.Seneca, Oedipus 401 ff (trans.Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.Bind your streaming locks with the nodding ivy, and in your soft hands grasp the Nysaean thyrsus!Seated in thy golden chariot, thy lions with long trappings covered, all the vast coast of the Orient saw thee, both he who drinks of the Ganges and whoever breaks the ice of snowy Araxes.On an unseemly ass old Silenus attends thee, his swollen temples bound with ivy garlands; while thy wanton initiates lead the mystic revels.Bacchus, holds the realms of the deep, encircled by bands of Nereids dancing; over the waves of the mighty deep a boy holds sway, new come, the kinsman of Bacchus, no common god, Palaemon.Nereus allayed the swollen sea; the dark blue waters he changed to meadows.On the prow an Idaean lion roars; at the stern crouches a tiger of Ganges.Arcadian constellation looks down from the zenith and the wagons twain.Lesbian wine mingled with fragrant thyme.PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF DIONYSUS
Classical literature offers only a few, brief descriptions of the physical characteristics of the gods.Buckley) (Greek tragedy C5th B.And among the Mainades cries his voice rings deep.Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.Dionysos is lying down in a cave, a bearded figure holding a golden cup, and clad in a tunic reaching to the feet.Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 1.Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.There are countless characteristics of Dionysos for those who wish to represent him in painting or sculpture, by depicting which even approximately the artist has captured the god.For instance, the ivy clusters forming a crown are the clear mark of Dionysos, even if the workmanship is poor; and a horn just springing from the temples reveals Dionysos, and a leopard, though but just visible, is a symbol of the god.Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd to 4th A.On the statue of Dionysos .Ivy creeping, winding, clinging, bound the oars and decked the sails in heavy clusters.Seated in thy golden chariot, thy lions with long trappings covered, all the vast coast of the Orient saw thee.Greek Travelogue C2nd A.PARTIALLY OR NOT QUOTED (LATIN) : Ovid (Fasti); Cicero; Statius; Colluthus; Propertius; Valerius Flaccus; et.In the most common version, Dionysos' infancy is dominated by the
hostility of his father's wife Hera.The response of the two males to this pervasive hostility operates, for
the most part, in opposite ways: Herakles must become a virile and potent hero
whereas Dionysos is effeminate (although both sometimes display contrary
behavior).Just as Hera was inimical to Herakles before his birth (depriving
him of his birthright) and during his infancy, Hera harasses Dionysos before his
birth and throughout the succession of foster parents to whom he is entrusted by
Zeus.Indeed, the action of Zeus at the time of Semele's death depicts the
contrasting directions which the lives of Herakles and Dionysos will take.Brasiai, the people
found Semele dead and raised Dionysos themselves.Apollonios says that Hermes rescued Dionysos from the flames and took him
to Euboia, where Makris (daughter of Aristaios and cousin of Dionysos) moistened
his parched lips with honey.Hera banished Makris from Euboia and she went to
the island of the Phaiakians, where her cave was to be the place of Iason and
Medeia's wedding.When Dionysos' caretakers were eliminated by Hera and it was no longer
possible for him to remain in Thebes, Zeus changed him into a baby goat and had
Hermes take him to the nymphs of Nysa, who would later be changed into the stars
called Hyades.It seems that a place called Nysa sprang up wherever in the
world Dionysos visited, but the earliest mention (in the Iliad) placed
Nysa in or near Thrace, and Thrace and Phrygia (northeast Greece and northwest
Turkey) are the most common locations.These travels were
elaborated by later writers as much as those of Herakles in the west.Herodotus
believed that Dionysos was originally the Egyptian god Osiris, whose worship was
introduced into Greece by the prophet Melampous (who may have learned of it from
Kadmos).Orpheus visited the descendants of Kadmos and, having learned of this story,
invented a new one in which Dionysos was the son of Semele and Zeus.Dionysos begins from a local place called Nysa and proceeds to conquer
the entire world, introducing the cultivation of the vine and the knowledge of
preserving dried fruits wherever he goes.In Euripides' Bacchai, Dionysos and his followers claim to have
begun their journey in Phrygia and Lydia (western Turkey) and to have travelled
through Persia, Baktria, Media, and Arabia.Dionysos also fought and conquered
the Amazons of Asia Minor long before the Amazon wars of Herakles and Theseus.Since most modern theories of the origin of the Dionysian religion
locate its beginning in Thrace or Phrygia (perhaps first Thrace, then Phrygia,
since they are racially related and Thracians moved into Phrygia before the
first millennium BC), it is appropriate that Dionysos spends time in both
regions before returning to Greece.After his cure, Dionysos and his followers began their triumphant return
to Greece.Everywhere he went, Dionysos was accompanied by a band of Mainads
and Satyrs (whose roles were presumably emulated by locals who subscribed to the
new religion).In their frenzy they had visions of Dionysos,
sometimes appearing as a bull or goat, and they either nursed baby animals (like
fawns) or tore them apart with their hands and ate them.As for the Satyrs,
they are there because they are of all creatures (with the possible exception of
Centaurs) the ones whose sole objective is to be with women who have lost all
inhibitions.Dionysos' first stop after leaving Asia was Edonia in Thrace (northeast
Greece), where Lykourgos was king.Dionysos himself escaped into the sea, where he
was received by the nymph Thetis.Or, driven mad by
Dionysos, he killed his wife, then killed his son Dryas by cutting off his arms
and legs with an axe.Since thier land was barren, the Edonians consulted the
oracle and were told that the land would become fertile again only if Lykourgos
died.They therefore took Lykourgos to Mount Pangaion, where he was torn apart
by horses (or he was killed by the panthers of Dionysos).From Thrace Dionysos came to his birthplace Thebes, where he drove the
women mad (including his aunts who had denied that Zeus was Semele's lover) and
punished king Pentheus (who had opposed his new religion and even imprisoned
him) by making him dress as a woman and go to spy on the Mainads.His aunts
then tore him limb from limb, and his deluded mother Agave returned to Thebes
carrying her son's head on a stick.In Ovid's account it is not Dionysos but Akoites, a Tyrrhenian pirate who
had become a priest of Dionysos, who is captured by Pentheus and miraculously
freed, and Pentheus goes to Kithairon not in disguise but in anger.From Thebes Dionysos continued south to Argos, where Proitos was king.In another version it was Hera who drove Proitos' daughters mad, because
they had insulted her wooden image.Proitos agreed to pay
Melampous' price, but Melampous told him he would have to add another third of
the kingdom, for Melampous' brother Bias.When he came to Athens, Dionysos was entertained hospitably by Ikarios
and his daughter Erigone, and in gratitude the god taught them how to grow
grapes and make wine.Erigone looked everywhere for
her father and finally was led to his grave by his dog Maira.In retaliation Dionysos drove the girls of Athens mad and they began to
hang themselves from trees also.Erigone by swinging from trees.Oineus was known for his hospitality, and even the gods Dionysos and
Ares would visit him, since his wife was one of the most beautiful women in the
world and, whenever a god would visit, Oineus would find some excuse to go out
of town for several days.As a result, Ares and Althaia became the parents of
the famous hunter Meleager, and Dionysos and Althaia had a daughter Deianeira,
Herakles' second wife.Greece to learn
this secret.Several other events in the life of Dionysos happened at indefinite
times.At some point, often when he was quite young, he was kidnapped from the
island of Ikaria by Tyrrhenian (i.The pilot Akoites, who would later become a
priest of Dionysos, tried to help him, but was overwhelmed by the crew.Wild animals appeared on the deck, and the frightened pirates dove into
the sea, where they were changed into dolphins.At another time Dionysos came to the island Naxos (earlier called Dia)
and found Ariadne sleeping.She had been abandoned by Theseus and Dionysos now
carried her off and married her (or won her by force from Theseus, or took her
from her father Minos in Crete by bribing her with a crown).Dionysiaka by Nonnus
of Panopolis, a 5th century AD Egyptian bishop who seems to have seen Dionysos
as a precursor to Alexander the Great.During this campaign his companion
Seilenos, the oldest and drunkest of the Satyrs, was captured by king Midas of
Phrygia, who then returned him to Dionysos.In gratitude Dionysos offered to
give Midas anything he wanted, and Midas asked that everything he touched should
turn to gold.When Midas discovered that he could not eat golden food, he asked
Dionysos to take back the gift.Midas washed
away his gift, and the river from then on was rich in gold.Before he went to Olympos to live among the gods, Dionysos went to Lerna
(near Argos) to descend into the underworld and bring back his mother Semele.Since the Dionysian religion apparently offered to its followers some kind of
afterlife (the nature of which is completely unknown), it was necessary for the
titular god or founder of the religion to go to the underworld and return (to
die and come back), like Orpheus or Christ.At Lerna he was shown the way to
the underworld by a local guide named Prosymnos, who demanded as pay that
Dionysos have sex with him.Dionysos promised to do so when he returned, but
when he came back he found that Prosymnos was dead.Dionysos therefore carved a
figwood phallus, and and fulfilled his promise by sitting on it.Dionysos also played a part in the battle of the gods with the Giants and
the battle of Zeus with Typhoeus.In Egypt the
gods disguised themselves as animals, and Dionysos took the appearance of a
goat.Dionysos is the god of wine, but, more importantly, he also represents an
emotional and ecstatic response to the compulsive rationalism which was so
important in Greek life and thought.The Dionysian
emphasis on crossing boundaries and surpassing limits in a world where nothing
is really what it seems to be helps us to understand why Dionysos was the god of
the theater.Originally associated with Thrace and Phrygia, he came early to Greece
(his name is mentioned in Mycenean tablets of the 13th century BC).Different, of that emotional, unreasonable, ecstatic
difference which is missing, for good or bad, from the rest of Greek religion
and philosophy.Introduction
Of all the gods of ancient Greece, none has proved as enigmatic and compelling as Dionysos.The paradoxical combinations that he embodies bespeak an utter strangeness.He seems to embody in one divine figure all that was antithetical to the heroic values of Homeric Greece; yet no god is more widely represented in ancient Greek art than Dionysos, and his cult following was one of the most widespread and irresistible religious urges of the ancient world.Homer, other sources trace his omnipresent influence on Greek religious life.Dionysos continues to exert a compelling fascination even today; modern writers have tried diverse approaches in an effort to make a coherent whole out of the paradoxical array of aspects embodied by this strangest of gods.Yet it has a mythic parallel in the Orphic story of the dismemberment of Zagreus by the Titans; he was restored and given new birth, but the new god was precisely this polymorphous and bewildering paradox known as Dionysos.Here we will look at some of the myths of Dionysos, and how they reveal the various and seemingly contradictory features of his divinity and his cult.Myths of Dionysos
From his very birth, Dionysos showed his exotic and dual nature.As the only Olympian god born of a mortal woman, he is fully divine, yet paradoxically appears fully human.His mother, Semele, a princess of Thebes, had attracted the love of Zeus, who visited her in mortal guise and impregnated her.To this the Orphics later added a third, previous birth: Dionysos was first born as Zagreus, a child of Persephone, queen of Hades.Zeus, his father, placed the infant god on the throne to rule the universe, but the Titans attacked and ate him; whereupon Zeus blasted the Titans to ashes, from which later humans were made.The heart (or in some versions, the phallus) of Dionysos was rescued and a potion prepared, and from this the new god Dionysos was born to Semele.To protect the new infant from Hera's jealousy, Hermes carried him to Ino, Semele's sister, as a foster mother, and she put him in girl's clothing and started to raise him as a girl.Then the divine child was changed into a young goat, and taken by Hermes to be raised by the nymphs of Mount Nysa, whose location was uncertain.He was tutored by Silenus, often shown as a drunken satyr.There is also the idea of Dionysos as ultimately an indestructible and triumphant god, which is more clearly spelled out in myths of his later life.From the story of the Titans came the Orphic idea that humans have a divine spark within them, in the very ashes from which they were formed; and that divine spark is Dionysos.The Titans were completely destroyed in the process, but the divine essence of Dionysos, which they had eaten, was indestructible; it was still there in the ashes, and from there entered into humans.Those who came within his sphere of influence, like Ino, were often given up to madness and even death; however Ino is then transformed into a goddess, a theme which is echoes his later deliverance of Semele from Hades and her transport to Olympus.When still young, Dionysos discovered viniculture and the making of wine.He was, however, struck with madness, said to be sent by Hera.He wandered the world in his state of delirium, to Egypt, Syria, Phrygia, and even India.The followers of Cybele, like the later followers of Dionysos himself, were given to wild drumming, dancing and orgiastic rites.Once cured, Dionysos himself gathered bands of ecstatic worshippers, and again went roving the earth, this time asserting his divinity in no uncertain terms as he sought to establish his own rites far and wide.This evangelical zeal met with a great deal of resistance, and several stories tell of the terrible vengeance wrought by the young god on those who refuse to worship him.To the Greeks, Dionysos was not merely a symbol or personification of wine, but a personal and immediate divine presence.Dionysos continued his wanderings, and we have descriptions of the god: young, tender and beautiful, somewhat feminine in appearance, his hair flowing in long dark curls and crowned with ivy and grape leaves; clad only in a leopard skin or a long exotic robe, he carries a thyrsus, a fennel stalk topped with a pine cone which has been interpreted as a phallic symbol.His companions are satyrs, lustful and ithyphallic male figures which are part beast (goat or horse) and part human.In their state of manic possession they are filled with his divine power, and act as he does, tearing apart animals and eating them raw.Yet, paradoxically, they are also tender to the young animals, often suckling them at their own breasts.The daughters of King Minyas refused to follow Dionysos, so he appeared to them as a lion, a bull and a panther; he brought his maddening music, turning their room to darkness and their looms into grapevines.He drove them mad, and they tore one of their sons to pieces and ate him, then danced from the palace to join the mountain Bacchae; the god turned them into bats, chittering denizens of night which flit back and forth to Hades.The charges of cannibalism, whether true or not, were later brought against the Bacchic worshippers by the Roman senate, which then outlawed the Bacchanalia around the second century BCE.The eating of raw animals has been interpreted as a kind of Dionysian eucharist, with the divine essence of the god having filled the cult animal, it was then consumed by his worshippers so that the god himself was taken bodily into them.Civilization was thought to be a product mostly of men; women, excluded from signification participation in the polis, were often associated with nature, and the earth itself was seen as feminine.It was the feminine which both brought men into being through birth, and accepted them at death: the womb and the tomb.Thus the association of Dionysos with the feminine is connected with both his role as a wild god of nature and unbridled passion, and with his role as a liminal figure straddling the boundary between life and death.The relation of Dionysos to women is also seen in the story of his love for Ariadne, a Cretan princess.She is the one who helps the Greek hero Theseus kill the Minotaur and escape the labyrinth, on the condition that he will take her with him to Athens and marry her.But he later leaves her stranded on the isle of Naxos (perhaps at the command of Dionysos), and she is overcome with great sorrow.But in the depths of her despair she suddenly hears the wild strains of music, and the approach of Dionysos and his dancing hordes; she is claimed by the god of ecstasy, who weds her and initiates her into his rites.Upon her death he tosses her crown up into the sky to become the constellation Corona Borealis, or in some versions, turns her into an immortal goddess and carries her off to Olympus.Dionysos also descends into Hades to retrieve his mother Semele, and turns her into a goddess.The Homeric hymn to Dionysos relates one such episode in the story of Dionysos and the pirates.Dionysos was wandering along the shore, a handsome youth dressed in rich robes, when a ship passed by, offering him passage.But the Tyrsenian pirates had in mind to seize him and hold him for ransom.The god at first appears helpless, pleading with them not to take him captive, but to carry him safely to his destination.Dionysos, smiling darkly, seems to offer no resistance, but the ropes fall away of their own accord.Terrified, they jump overboard and are transformed into dolphins.Only the helmsman is saved, and he is granted happiness by Dionysos for his help.In the above myth we see again the power of Dionysos to transform himself and others; he is sometimes called a sorcerer, a god with the power of enchantment.Dionysos confronts his enemies; he generally begins with a disguise of weakness, deceptively luring them on to destruction, as they think he is powerless to stop them.However, his violence is also usually indirect; Dionysos rarely merely smites anyone with a bolt of divine power, and as the lion in this story he does not actually attack and kill anyone.Rather he often works from inside their own minds, beguiling them and tormenting them into madness, overcoming them with sheer terror until they themselves are compelled to work their own destruction.Athens of the fifth century BCE, has been an invaluable source of information on how Dionysos and his cult were perceived by classical Greece.Semele, rather than being loved by Zeus, was merely a dissolute woman whom Zeus punished for the blasphemy of claiming to be his lover.Dionysos begins to plot his revenge.Cadmus, the old king, is urged by the blind prophet Tiresias to join the rites and give honor to the new god.Dionysos offers no resistance to being captured and tied up, and goes to meet with the king willingly, who does not recognize that he is a god.Dionysos tries at first to gently persuade his cousin to allow the new religion, which brings such joy, but Pentheus grows ever more proud and stubborn.Sure of his own power, the king behaves with rude arrogance toward Dionysos, who begins to warn him, although still in subtle terms.You do not know who you are.Pentheus orders Dionysos thrown into the dungeon.Semele and a terrible earthquake shatters the palace.As Pentheus is faced with this new crisis, Dionysos appears beside him again, freed from bondage.At this point a herdsman comes to tell the king of the awesome terror wrought by the bacchae.They had been freed from prison by the god, and the shepherds encountered them in the mountains.They delighted in the mountain wildness, wreathing themselves with ivy and flowers, and cradled and suckled the wild animals, fawns and wolf cubs.But when they began to whirl in dance and call to their god, they were filled with ecstasy and became as one.He begins to see double, and Dionysos appears to him as a bull.He offers to lead him there, but tells Pentheus that he must dress as a woman.Dionysos dresses him up as woman; the king fusses about his curls and asks just how he is to dance.At the end of the play Dionysos triumphantly appears as a god, no longer in human guise; he proclaims his divine power and his divine right for the terror he has wrought upon the family of Pentheus for their blasphemy.Cadmus and Agave protest that the he is too harsh, but that humans are powerless against the wrath of a god.Dionysos is a figure of divine power, Pentheus is a figure of power in the human world.They are both young, newly come to power, proud and determined; they are also cousins.Some historians have read this as evidence for actual historical resistance to the cult of Dionysos, which ultimately did, however, become widely popular.But clay tablets from early Mycenae, written in an early version of Greek known as Linear B, contain his name among other Greek deities; there are also gold funereal tablets in Linear B which show the early existence of the mystery cult of Dionysos.However, there is a deeper meaning to this theme of the strange god who comes and conquers his foes.It is part of the very nature of Dionysos that he is a stranger, exotic and enigmatic.He stands in opposition to standard Greek heroic values, and the religious power he holds over his devotees stemmed in large part from the psychic shock experienced at encountering him.Conclusion
The strange and wildly disparate aspects of the god Dionysos have been pieced together in different ways by different modern interpreters.But others would say that even, without Apollo there is opposition, for Dionysos carries his own internal paradoxes.He also regards him as a god of paradox; Albert Henrichs also emphasizes the quality of paradox, seeing it in the essential tension between the human and divine in Dionysos.Walter Burkert regards him as a god of mysteries and bacchic mania (Burkert, p.It is not too difficult to see that all these roles are as intertwined as the ivy itself.One may consider Dionysos of the theatre, the god hidden behind the mask, as a symbol for the hidden divine nature of things, as the Orphics saw his divine spark hidden in the ashes of human flesh.One may recall the Hindu idea of the world as illusion, Lila, the divine play, and see in Dionysos the figure of the god who acts all the parts of the cosmic drama at once.Dionysos transforms those he comes into contact with.Not much comment has been made on the relation of Dionysos to shamanic religion.Ecstatic trance, drumming and dance are common features of both shamanism and Dionysian religion.One difference is that the shaman is thought to be able to move between the worlds of matter and spirit, or, sky, earth and underworld.Eliade saw yoga as a further evolution of shamanism; where shamanism involved ecstasis, the shaman going out of the body into the spirit realms, yogic discipline was aimed at enstasis, the bringing of the cosmos into the individual being.We can see the stories of Dionysos arrival into a new town a metaphor for the arrival of the god into a new devotee: if he is welcomed and honored, all is well, but if he is resisted, madness may ensue.Bacchic Teletai in the Hellenistic Age.Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1993.Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1993.Shiva et Dionysos in 1979).Translation by Minos Volanakis; in Euripedes, ed.Dell Publishing, New York, NY, 1965.He Has a God in Him': Human and Divine in the Modern Perception of Dionysus.Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life.Dionysus, Myth and Cult.Indiana University Press, 1991. |
