|
 |
 |
Engine |
 |
|
|
|
|
|
Info: Biography, Pictures, Discography of all CDs & DVDs |
|
| For other uses, see Engine (disambiguation).An engine is something that produces some form of output from a given input.Military engines included siege engines, large catapults, trebuchets, battering rams, etc.Later came civil engineers, who designed and built roads, bridges, docks and buildings.An engine whose purpose is to produce kinetic energy output from a fuel source is called a prime mover; alternatively, a motor is a device which produces kinetic energy from a preprocessed "fuel" (such as electricity, a flow of hydraulic fluid or compressed air).Again an aircraft will have many motors installed for operation of its many auxiliary operations and services, but aircraft are propelled by engines, in this case, jet engines.Usage of the term
Originally an engine was any sort of mechanical device that converted some form of force into mechanical or motion force.Military devices such as catapults are referred to as siege engines.Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as an engine, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.In most cases the work is supplied by exerting a torque, which is used to operate other machinery, generate electricity, pump water or compress gas.In the context of propulsion systems, an air breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidiser, as in a rocket.More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and even steam power date back to antiquity.Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan, windlass or treadmill, and with ropes, pulleys, and block and tackle arrangements, this power was transmitted and multiplied.These were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece, and in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome.The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be far more ancient.By the 1st century AD, various breeds of cattle and horses were used in mills, using machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times.Medieval
During the Muslim Agricultural Revolution from the 7th to 13th centuries, Muslim engineers developed numerous innovative industrial uses of hydropower, early industrial uses of tidal power, wind power, and fossil fuels such as petroleum, and the earliest large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic).Andalus and North Africa.Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery to some extent in the medieval Islamic world.His invention of the crankshaft is considered one of the most important mechanical inventions after the wheel, as it transforms continuous rotary motion into a linear reciprocating motion, and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine and the internal combustion engine.Din invented a practical steam turbine as a prime mover for rotating a spit.Europe a century later, which eventually led to the steam engine and Industrial Revolution in 18th century Europe.English inventor Sir Samuel Morland allegedly used gunpowder to drive water pumps in the 17th century.For more conventional, reciprocating internal combustion engines.Sadi Carnot, France, 1824, whilst the American Samuel Morey received a patent on April 1, 1826.Otto cycle, has been the most successful for automobiles, while diesel engines are used for trucks and buses.Karl Benz was one of the leaders in the development of new engines.Benz finished his engine on New Year's Eve and was granted a patent for it in 1879.Many BMW motorcycles use this engine type.His design created an engine in which the corresponding pistons move in horizontal cylinders and reach top dead centre simultaneously, thus automatically balancing each other with respect to their individual momentums.Engines of this design are often referred to as flat engines because of their shape and lower profile.They must have an even number of cylinders and six, four or two cylinder flat engines have all been common.Engines of this type continue to be a common design principle for high performance aero engines (for propellor driven aircraft) and, engines used by automobile producers such as Porsche and Subaru.Continuance of the use of the internal combustion engine for automobiles is partly due to the improvement of engine control systems (onboard computers providing engine management processes, and electronically controlled fuel injection).Forced air induction by turbocharging and supercharging have increased power outputs and efficiencies available.Similar changes have been applied to smaller diesel engines giving them almost the same power characteristics as petrol engines.This is especially evident with the popularity of smaller diesel engine propelled cars in Europe.Larger diesel engines are still often used in trucks and heavy machinery.They do not burn as clean as gasoline engines, however they have far more torque.The internal combustion engine was originally selected for the automobile due to its flexibility over a wide range of speeds.The first half of the twentieth century saw a trend to increasing engine power, particularly in the American models.Design changes incorporated all known methods of raising engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the speed at which power is generated.The design principles favoured in Europe, because of economic and other restraints, leant toward smaller cars and corresponding design principles that concentrated on increasing the combustion efficiency of smaller engines.American engines with power ratings in the range from 250 to 350 hp (190 to 260 kW).Earlier automobile engine development produced a much larger range of engines than is in common use today.Engines have ranged from 1 to 12 cylinder designs with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, piston displacement, and cylinder bores.Four cylinders and power ratings from 19 to 120 hp (14 to 90 kW) were followed in a majority of the models.Overhead camshafts were frequently employed.This engine weighs 2300 tonnes, and when running at 102 RPM produces 109,000 bhp (80,080 kW) consuming some 13.Theoretically, this should result in a better specific impulse than for rocket engines.Different work volume types
(incl.How stuff works: Cars Engines
Engines working.Look up engine in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.See Copyrights for details.Moved Permanently
The document has moved here.It has been suggested that Boost (automotive engineering) be merged into this article or section.The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber.This exothermic reaction creates gases at high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand.The defining feature of an internal combustion engine is that useful work is performed by the expanding hot gases acting directly to cause movement of solid parts of the engine, by acting on pistons, rotors, or even by pressing on and moving the entire engine itself.This contrasts with external combustion engines, such as steam engines and Stirling engines, which use an external combustion chamber to heat a separate working fluid, which then in turn does work, for example by moving a piston or a turbine.The term Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) is almost always used to refer specifically to reciprocating piston engines, Wankel engines and similar designs in which combustion is intermittent.However, continuous combustion engines, such as jet engines, most rockets and many gas turbines are also internal combustion engines.Operation
3 Petroleum internal combustion engines
3.Gasoline Ignition Process
3.Controlled Combustion Engine
6.Early internal combustion engines were used to power farm equipment similar to these models.Leonardo da Vinci described a compressionless engine.Christiaan Huygens described a compressionless engine.English inventor Sir Samuel Morland used gunpowder to drive water pumps, essentially creating the first rudimentary internal combustion engine.Robert Street built a compressionless engine whose principle of operation would dominate for nearly a century.Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially.French physicist Sadi Carnot established the thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines.This scientifically established the need for compression to increase the difference between the upper and lower working temperatures.April 1: The American Samuel Morey received a patent for a compressionless "Gas or Vapor Engine."The Italians Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci patented the first working efficient internal combustion engine in London (pt.It was similar in concept to the successful Otto Langen indirect engine, but wasn't so well worked out in detail.Matteucci engine, supplying 5 HP.This was the first internal combustion engine to be produced in numbers.Langen and then most of the market, which at that time was mostly for small stationary engines fueled by lighting gas.In Vienna, Siegfried Marcus put the first mobile gasoline engine on a handcart.James Atkinson invented the Atkinson cycle engine.Herbert Akroyd Stuart built his oil engine, leasing rights to Hornsby of England to build them.Rudolf Diesel developed his Carnot heat engine type motor burning powdered coal dust.February 23: Rudolf Diesel received a patent for the diesel engine.Karl Benz invented the boxer engine, also known as the horizontally opposed engine, in which the corresponding pistons reach top dead center at the same time, thus balancing each other in momentum.Rudolf Diesel demonstrated the diesel engine in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World's Fair) using peanut oil (see biodiesel).Mercedes after his daughter.In 1902 automobiles with that engine were put into production by DMG.His economisers worked as well in cars as they did in motorcycles.Applications
Internal combustion engines are most commonly used for mobile propulsion in automobiles, equipment, and other portable machinery.Petroleum Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles or APICEVs).Where very high power is required, such as jet aircraft, helicopters and large ships, they appear mostly in the form of turbines.They are also used for electric generators (i.All internal combustion engines depend on the exothermic chemical process of combustion: the reaction of a fuel, typically with the oxygen from the air, although other oxidizers such as nitrous oxide may be employed.Most internal combustion engines designed for gasoline can run on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases without major modifications except for the fuel delivery components.Liquid and gaseous biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel (a form of diesel fuel that is produced from crops that yield triglycerides such as soybean oil) can also be used.All internal combustion engines must achieve ignition in their cylinders to create combustion.Typically engines use either a spark ignition (SI) method or a compression ignition (CI) system.Gasoline engines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and compress to less than 185 psi and use a spark plug to ignite the mixture when it is compressed by the piston head in each cylinder.Diesel Engine Ignition Process
Compression ignition systems, such as the diesel engine and HCCI engines, rely solely on heat and pressure created by the engine in its compression process for ignition.The compression that occurs is usually more than three times higher than a gasoline engine.Diesel engines will take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, a small quantity of diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite.This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are also more susceptible to cold starting issues, though they will run just as well in cold weather once started.Most old engines, however, rely on electrical systems that also control the combustion process to increase efficiency and reduce emissions.The available energy is manifested as high temperature and pressure which can be translated into work by the engine.The piston can then proceed to the next phase of its cycle, which varies between engines.Any heat not translated into work is normally considered a waste product and is removed from the engine either by an air or liquid cooling system.Engine Efficiency
The efficiency of various types of internal combustion engines varies, but it is nearly always lower than electric motor energy efficiency.The result is lower pollution with more power and increased efficiency.Please see the discussion on the talk page.December 2007)
Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.The primary causes of this are the need to operate near the stoichiometric ratio for gasoline engines in order to achieve combustion (the fuel would burn more completely in excess air) and the "quench" of the flame by the relatively cool cylinder walls.Quenching is commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas, when running at lower speed.It dramatically reduces the efficiency and increases knocking and sometimes causes the engine to stall.Diesel engines produce a wide range of pollutants, including aerosols of many small particles (PM10) that are believed to penetrate deeply into human lungs.Engines running on liquified petroleum gas (LPG) are very low in emissions as LPG burns very cleanly and does not contain sulfur or lead.Net carbon dioxide production is not a necessary feature of engines, but since most engines are run from fossil fuels, this usually occurs.If engines are run from biomass, then no net carbon dioxide is produced, as the growing plants absorb as much or more carbon dioxide while growing.Hydrogen engines need only produce water; but when air is used as the oxidizer, nitrogen oxides are also produced.Wankel engine has a triangular rotor that orbits in an epitrochoidal (figure 8 shape) chamber around an eccentric shaft.The four phases of operation (intake, compression, power, exhaust) take place in separate locations instead of one single location, as in a reciprocating engine.Bourke Engine uses a pair of pistons integrated to a Scotch Yoke that transmits reciprocating force through a specially designed bearing assembly to turn a crank mechanism.Intake, compression, power, and exhaust occur in each stroke.Classification
The fundamental difference between an engine and a motor is that a motor converts electricity into mechanical energy, whereas an engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.Latin motor, "mover") is any machine that produces mechanical power.Traditionally, electric motors are not referred to as "engines," but combustion engines are often referred to as "motors."An electric engine refers to locomotive operated by electricity).However, many people consider engines as those things which generate their power from within, and motors as requiring an outside source of energy to perform their work.Initial results have produced motors that are much cleaner burning than their traditional counterparts.These engines use forced induction to scavenge the cylinders.Sulzer turbocharged 2 stroke diesel as used in large container ships.The steps involved here are:
Intake stroke: Air and vaporized fuel are drawn in.Combustion stroke: Fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards.Normally the four cycles are intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust.Otto cycle and creates steam, which simultaneously cools the engine while providing a free power stroke.The Scotch yoke mechanism also prevents side thrust, preventing any piston slap, allowing operation as a detonation or "explosion" engine.It also uses fewer moving parts and has to overcome less friction than conventional crank and slider engines with poppet valves.In addition, its greater expansion ratio means more of the heat from its combustion phase is utilized than in conventional spark ignition engines.These cams practically cancel out sideward forces that would otherwise be exerted on the cylinders by the pistons, greatly improving mechanical efficiency.The number of lobes of the cams (always an odd number not less than 3) determines the piston travel versus the torque delivered.In this engine, there are two cylinders that are 180 degrees apart for each pair of counterrotating cams.Gas turbines cycles (notably jet engines) do not use the same system to both compress and then expand the gases; instead, separate compression and expansion turbines are employed, giving continuous power.The exhaust gas may be used to provide thrust, supplying only sufficient power to the turbine to compress incoming air (jet engine); or as much energy as possible can be supplied to the shaft (gas turbine proper).This was an attempt at imitating the way a piston steam engine works.Fuels and oxidizers
Nowadays, fuels used include:
Petroleum:
Petroleum spirit (North American term: gasoline, British term: petrol)
Petroleum diesel.Autogas (liquified petroleum gas).Biofuels:
Biobutanol (replaces gasoline).Engines that use gases for fuel are called gas engines, and those that use liquid hydrocarbons are called oil engines.However, gasoline engines are also often colloquially referred to as 'gas engines.The main limitations on fuels are that it must be easily transportable through the fuel system to the combustion chamber and that the fuel releases sufficient energy in the form of heat upon combustion to make use of the engine practical.Diesel engines are generally heavier, noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds than gasoline engines.Gasoline engines are used in most other road vehicles, including most cars, motorcycles and mopeds.There are also engines that run on hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biodiesel.Paraffin and tractor vaporizing oil (TVO) engines are no longer seen.Compressed air has been commonly used in torpedoes.Compressed oxygen, as well as some compressed air, was used in the Japanese Type 93 torpedo.Nitromethane is added to some racing and model fuels to increase power and control combustion.Nitrous oxide has been used, with extra gasoline, in tactical aircraft and in specially equipped cars, to allow short bursts of added power from engines that otherwise run on gasoline and air.It is also used in the Burt Rutan rocket spacecraft).Hydrogen engine
Some have theorized that in the future, hydrogen might replace such fuels.Furthermore, with the introduction of hydrogen fuel cell technology, the use of internal combustion engines may be phased out.The advantage of hydrogen is that its combustion produces only water.This is unlike the combustion of fossil fuels, which produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide resulting from incomplete combustion; and other local and atmospheric pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that lead to urban respiratory problems, acid rain, and ozone gas problems.However, free hydrogen for fuel does not occur naturally, and oxidizing it liberates less energy than it takes to produce hydrogen in the first place, due to the second law of thermodynamics.Note also, that if the atmosphere is used as the oxidizer in high temperature combustion, the resultant nitrogen oxide byproducts must be reduced by an appropriate catalytic converter.Certain engine types such as the Wankel rotary engine and various uniflow reciprocating types do not have this inherent problem.Although there are multiple ways of producing free hydrogen, those require converting combustible molecules into hydrogen or consuming electric energy, so hydrogen does not solve any energy crisis.Moreover, it only addresses the issue of portability and some pollution issues.The disadvantage of hydrogen in many situations is its storage.Liquid hydrogen has extremely low density (14 times lower than water) and requires extensive insulation, whilst gaseous hydrogen requires heavy tankage.Although hydrogen has a higher specific energy, the volumetric energetic storage is still roughly five times lower than petrol, even when liquefied.The 'Hydrogen on Demand' process (see direct borohydride fuel cell), designed by Steven Amendola, creates hydrogen as it is needed, but has other issues, such as the high price of the sodium borohydride, the raw material.Second, with a greater displacement and more pistons, more fuel can be combusted and there can be more combustion events (that is, more power strokes) in a given period of time, meaning that such an engine can generate more torque than a similar engine with fewer cylinders.The downside to having more pistons is that the engine will tend to weigh more and generate more internal friction as the greater number of pistons rub against the inside of their cylinders.This tends to decrease fuel efficiency and robs the engine of some of its power.W16 engine from Volkswagen exist.Most car engines have four to eight cylinders, with some high performance cars having ten, twelve, or even sixteen, and some very small cars and trucks having two or three.Radial aircraft engines, now obsolete, had from three to 28 cylinders.Ignition system
An internal combustion engine can be classified by its ignition system.Today most engines use an electrical or compression heating system for ignition.Nikola Tesla gained one of the first patents on the mechanical ignition system with U."Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines," on 16 August 1898.Most gasoline engines are of this type, but not diesel engines.Compression
Ignition, after the engine is started, comes from oxidation heat and mechanical compression of the air or mixture.The vast majority of compression ignition engines are diesels, in which the fuel is mixed with the air after the air has reached ignition temperature.Very small model engines, for which simplicity is more important than fuel cost, use special fuels to control ignition timing.Leaner mixtures and lower mixture pressures burn more slowly, requiring more advanced ignition timing.Combustion propagation by a shock wave is called detonation and, in engines, is also known as pinging or knocking.In other words, it is the fuel, gasoline, that has become the limiting factor.While turbocharging has been applied to both gasoline and diesel engines, only limited boost can be added to a gasoline engine before the fuel octane level again becomes a problem.It is literally possible to run as much boost as the engine will physically stand before breaking apart.Consequently, engine designers have come to realize that diesels are capable of substantially more power and torque than any comparably sized gasoline engine.Animated cut through diagram of a typical fuel injector, a device used to deliver fuel to the internal combustion engine.There are two commonly used methods of vaporizing fuel into the air: one is the carburetor, and the other is fuel injection.Often, for simpler reciprocating engines, a carburetor is used to supply fuel into the cylinder.However, exact control of the correct amount of fuel supplied to the engine is impossible.Carburetors are the current most widespread fuel mixing device used in lawn mowers and other small engine applications.Larger gasoline engines such as used in automobiles have mostly moved to fuel injection systems (see Gasoline Direct Injection).Diesel engines always use fuel injection, because it is the fuel system that controls the ignition timing.Engine configuration
Internal combustion engines can be classified by their configuration , which affects their physical size and smoothness (with smoother engines producing less vibration).Common configurations include the straight or inline configuration, the more compact V configuration , and the wider but smoother flat or boxer configuration.Aircraft engines can also adopt a radial configuration , which allows more effective cooling.The Gnome Rotary engine, used in several early aircraft, had a stationary crankshaft and a bank of radially arranged cylinders rotating around it.Engine capacity
An engine's capacity is the displacement or swept volume by the pistons of the engine.Engines with greater capacities are usually more powerful and provide greater torque at lower rpm but also consume more fuel.Apart from designing an engine with more cylinders, there are two ways to increase an engine's capacity.In either case, it may be necessary to make further adjustments to the fuel intake of the engine to ensure optimal performance.Lubrication Systems
Internal combustions engines require lubrication in operation to allow moving parts to slide smoothly over each other.Insufficient lubrication will cause the engine to seize up.Engine On Board Diagnostics (also known as OBD) is a computerized system that allows for electronic diagnosis of a vehicle's powerplant.California Air Resource Board in 1994 and became mandatory equipment aboard all vehicles sold in the United States as of 1996.Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd, pp.The Performance Choice, Banks Talks Tech, 11.The Internal Combustion Engine, edited by Charles Singer ...All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.See Copyrights for details.VTEC petrol engines with 2.Keep an eye out for the new Accord (Sedan and Tourer) at next year's Geneva motor show.Now, about that diesel engine.Honda has or is testing it to meet strict emissions rules in Europe, Japan and the U.DTEC, more shots of the Tourer Concept and Honda's press release after the jump.DTEC at the 2007 Frankfurt motor show.VTEC petrol engines of 2.The latest engines will be complemented by innovative new chassis technology that will deliver exceptional handling, greater linear stability and a more involving driving experience without compromising ride comfort.DTEC is the 2nd diesel engine Honda has developed.This is of particular significance to the European market in that the Tier II standards are even more demanding than the Euro 6 requirements which remain at the proposal stage.An example of this engine is also on display at the stand.That's the best looking Honda in aeons.Possibly the best looking wagon available (assuming it won't be neutered for production).Maybe it will come to the US as an Acura.Posted at 12:46AM on Sep 13th 2007 by cheezedog4.Honda has become GM, big stretched out fugly things with giant brand name logos stuck to them.Now it's more weight, more HP, more more more in every dimension!Posted at 9:54AM on Sep 13th 2007 by amg7.When are we going to see the diesel engines on this side of the pond?Honda, are you listening?Posted at 12:14PM on Sep 14th 2007 by Ken9.Posted at 3:28PM on Sep 24th 2007 by MarkS10.Accord wagon with 196,000 miles, with virtually nothing to replace it.I'd love to have a new manual Accord wagon, especially in diesel form.You can put up to 3 URLs in your comments.Read reviews, get free pricing, and much more.Let lenders compete for your business!Most Commented On (7 days)Did Toyota hybrid sales peak in 2007?Read this Top 10 list first (20)Detroit 2008: Ford EcoBoost Gasoline Turbo Direct Injection engines (19)Smart Fourtwo: Car of the Year?Recent Commentslodel on Smart Fourtwo: Car of the Year?Squeegis on Did Toyota hybrid sales peak in 2007?Cavaretti on Did Toyota hybrid sales peak in 2007?Chinese carsbobbie on Did Toyota hybrid sales peak in 2007?Kaye Hunt on Did Toyota hybrid sales peak in 2007?All rights reserved
AutoblogGreen is a member of the Weblogs, Inc.Styledash introduces: Mallory WhitfieldWhat would you look like with Hillary Clinton's hair?If you'd like more videos based on your cultural preferences, just set them below.Laura Laura Martin wants to party like a search engine rockstar in Las Vegas at Pubcon with ShoeMoney.The president of the company liked my video of two crash tests, so he told me to finish out the song.Crazy Chaplin Screwing Up ...Software ebooks
Charlie Chaplin
From IMDB:
He stands alone as ...Pro Stock Tractor Pulling, Beachpull Putten, the Netherlands 2006
Red Attraction on a beautiful Full Pull.They did damage the engine though.Whoww 6 Wheels SUV Cooool!!!Four with the engine and 2 with an electrical engine.Find how ants build a bridge within no time.Humans need to learn many things from so small creatures.Two engines, each with 1,500 hp.Gallardo With Tubi Exhaust...Gallardo with Tubi exhaust revving the engine.So little alcohol, so much energy.The alcohol burns at such a high rate it
crea...Arguably BMW's ultimate driving machine, the M6 Convertible showcases the world's finest engine.The Virtual Music Video Contest is coming back at you with new bands, new prizes and a whole new look.Every viewer helps create the Metacafe entertainment experience.Celebrate 2007 with a countdown of the Top 50 Producer Rewards videos of the year. |
 |
 |
|
|
|
|
|
![Suicide : Suicide [Second Album]](/covers/10/10870/alb_71254_th.jpg "Suicide : Suicide [Second Album]")
