| Enigma has decreased the time needed to produce job cards by 80 percent, and has improved the quality of the job cards by eliminating the need for manual data entry.Oracle Complex MRO solution (CMRO) decreases maintenance turn times, increases asset availability and improves regulatory compliance for aircraft maintenance and engineering.Tune in to learn how InService EPC helps OEMs and dealers conduct more business faster.Iberia Maintenance and Engineering successfully deployed an Enigma job card solution a little more than a year ago.Companies use solutions like Enigma InService EPC not only to manage their catalogs more efficiently and proactively but also to leverage the EPCs as marketing tools by more easily customizing the catalogs for specific customer segments.The two companies are offering a joint solution based on the Enigma InService EPC (electronic parts catalog) product and Hansen's Spear 4i Enterprise Asset Management technology.Copyright 2008 Enigma, Inc.The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages.The German military model, the Wehrmacht Enigma, is the version most commonly discussed.The machine has gained notoriety because Allied cryptologists were able to decrypt a large number of messages that had been enciphered on the machine.The intelligence gained through this source, codenamed ULTRA, was a significant aid to the Allied war effort.The exact influence of ULTRA is debated, but a typical assessment is that the end of the European war was hastened by two years because of the decryption of German ciphers.Although the Enigma cipher has cryptographic weaknesses, in practice it was only in combination with other significant factors (mistakes by operators, procedural flaws, an occasional captured machine or codebook) that Allied codebreakers were able to decipher messages.Procedures for using the Enigma
2.History and development of the machine
3.Enigma wiring diagram showing current flow.The 'A' key is encoded to the 'D' lamp.Letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses, first to G, and then to C.This is because the right hand rotor has stepped, sending the signal on a completely different route.Like other rotor machines, the Enigma machine is a combination of mechanical and electrical systems.When a key is pressed, the circuit is completed; current flows through the various components and ultimately lights one of many lamps, indicating the output letter.To explain the Enigma, we use the wiring diagram on the left.In reality, there are 26 lamps, keys, plugs and wirings inside the rotors.The plugboard allows rewiring the connections between keyboard (2) and fixed entry wheel (4).Wehrmacht Enigma) or four (Kriegsmarine M4 or Abwehr variant) rotors (5) and enters the reflector (6).The continual changing of electrical paths through the unit because of the rotation of the rotors (which cause the pin contacts to change with each letter typed) implements the polyalphabetic encryption which provided Enigma's high security.The left side of an Enigma rotor, showing the flat electrical contacts.The right side of a rotor, showing the pin electrical contacts.Walzen in German) form the heart of an Enigma machine.Three Enigma rotors and the shaft on which they are placed when in use.When placed in the machine, a rotor can be set to one of 26 positions.So that the operator knows the position, each rotor has an alphabet tyre (or letter ring) attached around the outside of the disk, with 26 letters or numbers; one of these can be seen through a window, indicating the position of the rotor to the operator.In early Enigma models, the alphabet ring is fixed; a complication introduced in later versions is the facility to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the core wiring.The position of the ring is known as the Ringstellung ("ring setting").The rotors each contain a notch (sometimes multiple notches), used to control the stepping of the rotors.The Army and Air Force Enigmas came equipped with several rotors; when first issued there were only three.The Naval version of the Wehrmacht Enigma had always been issued with more rotors than the other services: at first, six, then seven and finally eight.This was accomplished by replacing the original reflector with a thinner reflector and adding a special fourth rotor.The fourth rotor can be one of two types, Beta or Gamma, and never steps, but it can be manually placed in any of the 26 positions.Stepping motion of the Enigma.The third rotor (3) is not engaged, because the notch in the second rotor is not aligned; the pawl will simply slide over the curved ring.To avoid merely implementing a simple (and easily breakable) substitution cipher, some rotors turned with consecutive presses of a key.The most common arrangement used a ratchet and pawl mechanism.In the Wehrmacht Enigma, each rotor had an adjustable notched ring.At a certain point, a rotor's notch eventually aligned with the pawl, allowing it to engage the ratchet of the next rotor with the subsequent key press.When a pawl was not aligned with the notch, it simply slid over the surface of the ring without engaging the ratchet.Similarly, the third rotor advanced one position for every 26 advances of the second rotor.This double stepping caused the rotors to deviate from a normal odometer.PDF file on this 'double stepping').Historically, messages were limited to a couple of hundred letters, and so there was very little risk of repeating any position within a single message.No changes were made to rest of the mechanism.Since there were only three pawls, the fourth rotor never stepped, but could be manually set into one of its 26 positions.The Enigma rotor assembly.The three movable rotors are sandwiched between two fixed wheels: the entry wheel on the right and the reflector (here marked "B") on the left.Entry wheel
The entry wheel (Eintrittswalze in German), or entry stator, connects the plugboard, if present, or otherwise the keyboard and lampboard, to the rotor assembly.The commercial Enigma connects the keys in the order of their sequence on the keyboard: QA, WB, EC and so on.However, the military Enigma connects them in straight alphabetical order: AA, BB, CC etc.Reflector
With the exception of the early models A and B, the last rotor came before a reflector (German: Umkehrwalze, meaning 'reversal rotor'), a patented feature distinctive of the Enigma family amongst the various rotor machines designed in the period.However, the reflector also gave Enigma the property that no letter ever encrypted to itself.In the commercial Enigma model C, the reflector could be inserted in one of two different positions.In Model D the reflector could be set in 26 possible positions, although it did not move during encryption.In the Abwehr Enigma, the reflector stepped during encryption in a manner like the other wheels.In the German Army and Air Force Enigma, the reflector was fixed and did not rotate; there were four versions.The original version was marked A, and was replaced by Umkehrwalze B on 1 November 1937.Umkehrwalze C was used briefly in 1940, possibly by mistake, and was solved by Hut 6.The fourth version, first observed on 2 January 1944 had a rewireable reflector, called Umkehrwalze D, allowing the Enigma operator to alter the connections as part of the key settings.The plugboard (Steckerbrett) was positioned at the front of the machine, below the keys.The plugboard (Steckerbrett in German) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator (visible on the front panel of Figure 1; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid).The plugboard contributed a great deal to the strength of the machine's encryption: more than an extra rotor would have done.For example, when an operator presses E, the signal was diverted to Q before entering the rotors.The "Schreibmax" was a printing unit which could be attached to the Enigma, removing the need for laboriously writing down the letters indicated on the light panel.M4 Enigma was the "Schreibmax", a little printer which could print the 26 letters on a small paper ribbon.The Schreibmax was placed on top of the Enigma machine and was connected to the lamp panel.To install the printer, the lamp cover and all lightbulbs had to be removed.Besides its convenience, it could improve operational security; the printer could be installed remotely such that the signal officer operating the machine no longer had to see the decrypted plaintext information.Another accessory was the remote lamp panel.If the machine was equipped with an extra panel, the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel.The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted plaintext without the operator seeing it.There was a little box, containing a switch with 40 positions.It replaced the default plugs.Mathematical description
The Enigma transformation for each letter can be specified mathematically as a product of permutations.Air Force Enigma, let P denote the plugboard transformation, U denote the reflector, and L,M,R denote the actions of the left, middle and right rotors.After each key press the rotors turn, changing the transformation.In use, the Enigma required a list of daily key settings as well as a number of auxiliary documents.The procedures for German Naval Enigma were more elaborate, and secure, than the procedures used in other services.In German military usage, communications were divided up into a number of different networks, all using different settings for their Enigma machines.These communication nets were termed keys at Bletchley Park, and were assigned codenames, such as Red, Chaffinch and Shark.Each unit operating on a network was assigned a settings list for its Enigma for a period of time.For a message to be correctly encrypted and decrypted, both sender and receiver had to set up their Enigma in the same way; the rotor selection and order, the starting position and the plugboard connections must be identical.All these settings (together the key in modern terms) must have been established beforehand, and were distributed in codebooks.In very late versions, the wiring of the reconfigurable reflector.Enigma was designed to be secure even if the rotor wiring was known to an opponent, although in practice there was considerable effort to keep the wiring secret.If the wiring is secret, the total number of possible configurations has been calculated to be around 10114 (approximately 380 bits); with known wiring and other operational constraints, this is reduced to around 1023 (76 bits).Users of Enigma were confident of its security because of the large number of possibilities; it was not then feasible for an adversary to even begin to try every possible configuration in a brute force attack.Indicators
Most of the keys were kept constant for a set time period, typically a day.With the inner lid down, the Enigma was ready for use.One of the earliest indicator procedures was used by Polish cryptanalysts to make the initial breaks into the Enigma.At that point, the operator chose his own, arbitrary, starting position for that particular message.An operator might select EIN, and this became the message settings for that encryption session.The operator then typed EIN into the machine, twice, to allow for detection of transmission errors.EIN typed twice might turn into XHTLOA, which would be transmitted along with the message.The operator set the machine to the initial settings and typed in the first six letters of the message (XHTLOA).The second problem was the repetition of the indicator, which was a serious security flaw.Enigma system as early as 1932.During World War II codebooks were used only to set up the rotors and ring settings.He moved the rotors to the WZA start position and encoded the message key SXT.Assume the result was UHL.He then set up the message key SXT as the start position and encrypted the message.This procedure was used by Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe only.The Kriegsmarine procedures on sending messages with the Enigma were far more complex and elaborate.Prior to encryption with the Enigma, the message was encoded using the Kurzsignalheft code book.Abbreviations and guidelines
The Army Enigma machine only used the 26 alphabet characters.Signs were replaced by rare character combinations.Some signs were different in other parts of the armed forces.The Kriegsmarine however, replaced the comma by Y and the question sign by UD.The combination CH, as in Acht (eight) or Richtung (direction) were replaced by Q (AQT, RIQTUNG).To make cryptanalysis harder, more than 250 characters in one message were forbidden.Longer messages were divided in several parts, each using its own message key."Officer and Staff procedure".History and development of the machine
Far from being a single design, there are numerous models and variants of the Enigma family.The earliest Enigma machines were commercial models dating from the early 1920s.German military began to use Enigma, making a number of changes in order to increase its security.In addition, a number of other nations either adopted or adapted the Enigma design for their own cipher machines.Enigma machines and paraphernalia exhibited at the USA's National Cryptologic Museum.They approached the German Navy and Foreign Office with their design, but neither was interested.The machine was heavy and bulky, incorporating a typewriter.While bearing the Enigma name, both models A and B were quite unlike later versions: they differed in physical size and shape, but also cryptographically, in that they lacked the reflector.Enigma C (1926) model.The reflector is a key feature of the Enigma machines.Model C was smaller and more portable than its predecessors.It lacked a typewriter, relying instead on the operator reading the lamps; hence the alternative name of "glowlamp Enigma" to distinguish from models A and B.The Enigma C quickly became extinct, giving way to the Enigma D (1927).This version was widely used, with examples going to Sweden, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Spain, United States and Poland.Military Enigma
The Navy was the first branch of the German military to adopt Enigma.The machine was revised slightly in July 1933.Enigma G, revised to the Enigma I by June 1930.The major difference between Enigma I and commercial Enigma models was the addition of a plugboard to swap pairs of letters, greatly increasing the cryptographic strength of the machine.Enigma K manufactured for use by the Japanese.By 1930 the Army had suggested that the Navy adopt their machine, citing the benefits of increased security (with the plugboard) and easier interservice communications.In August 1935, the Air Force also introduced the Wehrmacht Enigma for their communications.February 1942, called M4 (the network was known as Triton, or Shark to the Allies).The extra rotor was fitted in the same space by splitting the reflector into a combination of a thin reflector and a thin fourth rotor.Enigma G, used by the Abwehr, had four rotors, no plugboard, and multiple notches on the rotors.The Abwehr used the Enigma G (the Abwehr Enigma).Other countries also used Enigma machines.The Italian Navy adopted the commercial Enigma as "Navy Cipher D"; the Spanish also used commercial Enigma during their Civil War.The Swiss used a version of Enigma called model K or Swiss K for military and diplomatic use, which was very similar to the commercial Enigma D.An Enigma T model (codenamed Tirpitz) was manufactured for use by the Japanese.The Enigma wasn't perfect, especially after the Allies got hold of it, thus allowing the Allies to decode the German messages, which proved vital in the Battle of the Atlantic.It has been estimated that 100,000 Enigma machines were constructed.After the end of the Second World War, the Allies sold captured Enigma machines, still widely considered secure, to a number of developing countries.Enigma replica on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade, Maryland, USA.The effort to break the Enigma was not disclosed until the 1970s.Since then, interest in the Enigma machine has grown considerably and a number of Enigmas are on public display in museums in the U.Enigma is on display in the NSA's National Cryptologic Museum at Fort Meade, Maryland, where visitors can try their hand at encrypting messages and deciphering code.Stockholm in Sweden currently has an Enigma on display.San Diego Computer Museum had an Enigma in its collection, which has since been given to the San Diego State University Library.Abwehr Enigma machine, designated G312, was stolen from the Bletchley Park museum on 1 April 2000.The Enigma machine was returned to Bletchley Park after the incident.In October 2001, Yates was sentenced to ten months in prison after admitting handling the stolen machine and blackmailing Bletchley Park Trust director Christine Large, although he maintained that he was acting as an intermediary for a third party.Yates was released from prison after serving three months.Enigma derivatives
The Enigma was influential in the field of cipher machine design, and a number of other rotor machines are derived from it.Typex even includes features from the patent descriptions that were omitted from the actual Enigma machine.Owing to the need for secrecy about its cipher systems, no royalties were paid for the use of the patents by the British government.Japanese Enigma clone was codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers.Little used, it contained four rotors mounted vertically.Enigma in logical operation, although not in construction.The Japanese developed an Enigma clone, codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers, although it was little used.The rotors of this machine contain 40 contacts, compared to the original Enigma's 26.Fiction
The play, Breaking the Code, by Hugh Whitemore is about the life and death of Alan Turing, who was the central force in breaking the Enigma in Britain during World War II.Although it is a drama and thus takes artistic license, it is nonetheless a fundamentally accurate account.Jacobi that comes very close to encapsulating the entire Enigma codebreaking effort.Robert Harris' 1996 novel Enigma is set against the backdrop of World War II Bletchley Park and cryptologists working to read Enigma.An earlier Polish film dealing with the Polish aspects of the subject was the 1979 Sekret Enigmy (The Enigma Secret).Neal Stephenson's novel Cryptonomicon also features World War II military cryptography, including the Enigma and Bletchley Park.It takes considerable historical liberties.The 1989 Doctor Who story The Curse of Fenric features British cryptographers, including a character based on Alan Turing, using a similar device called ULTIMA.An interactive fiction game Jigsaw by Graham Nelson contains a puzzle in which the player must decrypt a message with a simplified version of the Enigma.The puzzle is generally accepted as the most annoying in the game, which is perhaps some measure of how hard it was to decrypt messages produced by the original machine(s).American submariners who have hijacked a German submarine to obtain an Enigma machine.The machine used in the film was an authentic Enigma obtained from a collector.The historical liberties taken are large, for the Polish breaks into Enigma (beginning in December 1932) did not require a captured machine, the Royal Navy captured several Enigmas or parts before the U.Gramophone, Film, Typewriter examines the use of the Enigma and similar devices in relation to the Symbolic order of Jacques Lacan.ARG) created by a team at Microsoft to promote the Steven Spielberg film A.Artificial Intelligence, required players to use an online Enigma simulator to solve one of the puzzles.Decrypted Secrets (Springer, 2nd edition).Weierud, Frode (July 1998)."Enigma Variations: an Extended Family of Machines", Cryptologia, 22(3)."The Enigma Machine: Its Mechanism and Use" in Hinsley, F.Stripp, Alan (editors), Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (1993), pp."The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography", Cryptologia, 26(1), pp.Online version (PDF)
Marks, Philip; Weierud, Frode (January 2000).The German Enigma (Chapter V of "Victory is not enough")
Smith, Michael (1998).Sicherheit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Nachrichtendienste, PhD Thesis, 2005.Part I", Cryptologia 25(2), April 2001, pp.Part III", Cryptologia 25(4), October 2001, pp.Only Enigma Version", Cryptologia 28(2), April 2004.Heinz Ulbricht, Enigma Uhr, Cryptologia, 23(3), April 1999, pp.One of the most accurate Enigma simulators
A project to construct an accurate M4 Enigma replica
Enigma Simulator (Mac OS X)
Enigma simulator (Macromedia Flash)
Enigma simulator (Swing (Java) application .Kahn (1991), Hinsley and Stripp (1993).Middle Rotor," Cryptologia, 21(1), January 1997, pp.Part I", Cryptologia 25(2), April 2001, pp.The translated 1940 Enigma General Procedure.The translated 1940 Enigma Offizier and Staff Procedure.Deavours and Kruh, 1985, p.Deavours and Kruh, 1985, p.Look up enigma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.An enigma is a puzzle, something mysterious or inexplicable, or a riddle or difficult problem.Enigma may also refer to:
Enigma, a runeword on the computer game Diablo 2: Lord of Destruction (formula is Jah Ith Ber)
Enigma machine, a machine for encrypting communications during World War II
Enigma, Georgia, a town in Georgia, USA
The Enigma, a performer in the Jim Rose Circus
Enigma (yacht), one of the world's largest private superyachts (formerly "ECO" and "Katana")
Enigma (game), the computer game
Enigma Browser, a web browser
Enigma, the codename for Red Hat Linux 7.DC comic featuring a character called The Enigma
In fiction:
Enigma (comics), a fictional character in the DC Universe
Enigma, a fictional region in the Wing Commander (video game) universe
Enigma, a fictional rune word found in videogame Diablo II: Lord of Destruction
Enigma (group), the main antagonist in the game Spy Fiction.Enigma the second novel in The Trigon Disunity series by Michael P.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.See Copyrights for details.Moved Permanently
The document has moved here.Experience tells us that effective management is ninety percent selection.Enigma is your mission partner in the acquisition of the brightest, most talented and inspirational executives.Enigma stands out in a crowded market...Cusco with a special priest, or visiting and sharing with authentic
Andean communities.The ENIGMA team is composed of some of the best official professional
guides in the region.Peruvian and Inca history and traditions, being also specialists
in the flora and fauna of the region.Switzerland, by Gianni Bulgari to produce and market timepieces of his own design.Enigma being the company name.In defiance of traditional branding, GB watches did not carry the logo on their face but only on the case back.Yet, they remained identifiable by a unique design.In 1995 the corporate name was promoted to brand name status, and watches carried GB ENIGMA on their face.In the same year, Enigma moved his headquarters to Geneva.In 2002, upon realization that jewellery could synergize with the marketing of watches, Gianni Bulgari relinquished all other activities to concentrate on Enigma.In a reversal of roles, watches became the accessory to jewellery.The first Enigma store opened in Rome in December 2005, followed by Geneva (June 2006) and Porto Cervo, Sardinia, where a seasonal store was inaugurated in May 2007.Accordingly, individual taste, not price, is the real divide.So a master apprenti sorcier joined forces with a group of junior peers to establish what soon turned out to be a powerful creative machine.In 1988 he became chairman of Fila, the Italian sportswear company, until his resignation in 1998.Switzerland, Enigma, a company whose mission was to produce and distribute innovative timepieces of his own design.European an American patents.The latter was then sold to Aprilia.In 2002, having relinquished all other activities, he decided to concentrate on the development of the Enigma brand and to go back to jewellery.He is now dedicated full time to the Enigma mission.Gianni Bulgari is married and has one son, Giorgio, who joined him in the business together with his stepbrother Patrick Sieff.Enigma is an extraordinarily wide collection of jewellery set to restore the freedom and art of choice of a discerning clientele.Built to the highest quality standards, Enigma jewels are inspired by the creativity of Gianni Bulgari.PVD treated surfaces complete the eclectic picture.Please enjoy a selection of Enigma jewels.Ever since, Enigma timepieces have been identifiable by their unique design.Waterproof to 50 metres.CATERPILLAR
The articulated stainless steel bracelet, suggestive of the trail left by a mechanical track, and the unusual design of the crown protections mark the individuality of Caterpillar.Waterproof to 100 metres.CATERPILLAR 27
18ct yellow gold case, quartz movement, black "Clous de Paris" dial with applied indexes, alligator strap and 18ct yellow gold buckle."Clous de Paris" dial with applied indexes, alligator strap and 18ct yellow gold buckle.CATERPILLAR 27
Steel case with 24 diamonds, quartz movement, black "Clous de Paris" dial with applied indexes, alligator strap and folding clasp.CATERPILLAR 27
Steel case with 24 diamonds, quartz movement, black "Clous de Paris" dial with applied indexes, steel bracelet and folding clasp."Clous de Paris" dial with applied indexes, steel bracelet and folding clasp."Clous de Paris" dial with applied indexes, calfskin strap and folding clasp.Enigma jewellery is offered through its pages.To request your complementary copy please contact one of our stores.Do you require a custom software solution for your business?Client Server and Web Based software solutions.Need a software solution? |
