| For other uses, see ERA.An era is a long period of time with different technical and colloquial meanings, and usages in language.It begins with some beginning event known as an epoch, epochal date, epochal event or epochal moment (the latter in particular referring to a great deal of precision as in astronomy).When era is extended to a calendar system, it is known as a calendar era.Uses
In chronology, an era is the highest level for the organization of the measurement of time.The word era also denotes the units used under a different, more arbitrary system where time is not represented as an endless continuum with a single reference year, but each unit starts counting from one again, as if time starts again.In East Asia, each emperor's reign may be subdivided into several reign periods, each being treated as a new era.Different East Asian countries utilized slightly different systems, notably:
Chinese Eras
Japanese Eras
Korean Eras
Vietnamese Eras
A similar practice survived in the United Kingdom until quite recently, but only for formal official writings: in daily life the ordinary year A.In common speech and various contexts, the term era is also used, by extension, for any (as a rule relatively long) period in history with a name, often relating to common characteristic(s), even if this is not the normal way to organize time.Commonwealth) and the Soviet era, or comparable literary notions like the Biblical era.History of music, such as the Big Band era, Disco era.An event such as the death of Frank Sinatra is poetically called the end of an era.Earth: from oldest to youngest, these are the Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras, each subdivided in shorter periods; see Geologic timescale for a slightly different interpretation and details.The Spanish era is calculated from 38 BC, perhaps because of a tax (cfr.Battle of Actium, which occurred in 31 BC.Like epoch, "era" in English originally meant "the starting point of an age"; the meaning "system of chronological notation" is c.Look up era in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.See Copyrights for details.ERA's assertive leadership role in promoting and protecting the outsourced field sales function has led to the identification of manufacturers' representatives as equal partners in the marketing process.ERA gives reps a voice.It listens and responds to members and to the forces that impact the success of rep firms and manufacturers who sell through reps.The deadline for registering for ERA's 43rd Management and Marketing Conference at the lowest possible cost is being extended to JANUARY 18th.MRERF's Certified Sales Professional (CSP) course.Marketing Conference is Feb.MAKE YOUR ROOM RESERVATION TODAY ...Jess Spoonts ERA White Pin Scholarship Awarded to Richard A Hobby ...This site is maintained by the Electronics Representatives Association.Era using half as much as ever before!Ultra Era's small, convenient bottle makes laundry easier, and it still packs the same number of loads as always.So take a look at Ultra Era and get tips from the experts on how to get your whole wash ultra clean every time.In baseball statistics, earned run average (ERA) is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched.The ERA tells the average number of runs a pitcher would inadvertently surrender over the course of a full game had he been kept in.It bears similar meaning to a hitter's batting average.Runners reaching base on errors (even errors by pitchers) do not count toward ERA if they later score.To a pitcher, a lower earned run average is preferable to a higher one.Origins
2 ERA and baseball era
3 ERA for starters vs.ERAs for earlier years, but these were computed many years after the actual accomplishments.ERA and baseball era
As with batting average, the value of a good ERA varies from year to year.In the 1910s, a good ERA was below 2.In the late 1920s and 1930s, when conditions of the game changed in a way that strongly favored hitters, a good ERA was below 4.Dazzy Vance or Lefty Grove would consistently post an ERA under 3.ERAs returned as ballparks with different dimensions were introduced, among other influences.Today, an ERA under 4.Grove and Vance did in their day.ERA in a season is 0.ERA of an active pitcher is 1.Mariano Rivera (career ERA of 2.Some sources may list players with undefined or infinite career ERAs.This can happen if a pitcher allows one or more earned runs without retiring a batter (usually in a single appearance).An undefined ERA occasionally occurs at the beginning of a baseball season.It is sometimes incorrectly displayed as zero or as the lowest ranking ERA when it is more akin to the highest.In modern baseball, an ERA under 2.An ERA between 2.An ERA between 3.An ERA between 4.ERA in this range.An ERA above 5.ERA for starters vs.It can be very misleading to judge relief pitchers solely on ERA, because they are charged only for runs scored by batters who reached base while batting against them.Thus, if a relief pitcher enters the game with his team leading by 1 run, 2 outs in the inning, and the bases loaded, then gives up a single which scores 2 runs, he is not charged with those runs.If he retires the next batter, his ERA for that game will be 0.Starting pitchers operate under the same rules but are almost never called upon to start pitching with runners already on base.This freedom to use their maximum energy for a few innings, or even for just a few batters, helps relievers keep their ERAs down.ERA, taken by itself, can also be misleading when trying to objectively judge starting pitchers, though not to the extent seen with relief pitchers.AL have been at a disadvantage in maintaining low ERAs compared to National League pitchers who can often get an easy out facing the opposition's ninth batter (oddly, Martinez and Rivera, the ERA kings of the last decade or so, have been mostly active in the American League).ERA is also affected somewhat by the park in which a pitcher's team plays half its games, as well as the tendencies of hometown official scorers to assign errors or base hits in plays that could be either.For an extreme example, pitchers for the Colorado Rockies have historically faced many problems, all damaging to their ERAs.Denver's altitude and low humidity also reduce the ability of pitchers to throw effective breaking balls, due to both reduced air resistance and to difficulty in gripping very dry baseballs.Indeed, hometown hurlers have some advantage in any given game since they are physically acclimated to the altitude and often develop techniques to mitigate the challenges of this ballpark.Still, conditions there tend to inflate Rockie ERAs relative to the rest of the league.Independent ERA in an attempt to measure a pitcher's ability regardless of factors outside his control.Further, because of the dependence of ERA on factors over which a pitcher has little control, forecasting future ERAs on the basis of the past ERAs of a given pitcher is not very reliable and can be improved if analysts rely on other performance indicators such as strike out rates and walk rates.For example, this is the premise of Nate Silver's forecasts of ERAs using his PECOTA system.Silver also developed a "quick" earned run average (QuikERA or QERA) to calculate an ERA from peripheral statistics including strikeouts, walks, and groundball percentage.Unlike Peripheral ERA, it does not take into account park effects.Louis (NL), Chicago (NL), Cincinnati, Brooklyn (FL), St.See Nate Silver, "Playoff Hurlers," BaseballProspectus.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.National Council of Women's
Organizations.The Equal Rights Amendment,
first proposed in 1923, is still not part of the U.The ERA has been ratified by 35 of the necessary 38 states.ERA might become the 28th
Amendment.In these pages, find out
about this historic amendment ...Rutgers Law Journal, Vol.Alice Paul, author of the Equal Rights Amendment.NCWO's ERA Task Force was
established in 1999.Canada, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, SouthAmerica and Asia.Copyright 2007, Era Corporation. |
