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North.Reach a real person when you call Eskimo North's customer support line.Javascript from broken browsers.For other uses, see Eskimo (disambiguation).Eskimos or esquimaux are aboriginal people who inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia, across Alaska and Canada, and all of Greenland.Derivation
2 Languages
3 Terminology: Eskimo and alternate terms
4 Inuit
4.Derivation
There are two main groups referred to as Eskimo: Yupik and Inuit.Dorset) Eskimo culture that developed in Alaska.At about the same time, the Thule Technology also developed in northwestern Alaska and very quickly spread over the entire area occupied by Eskimo people, though it was not necessarily adopted by all of them.Dorset Technology, which appear to have been a fully developed Eskimo culture that dates at 5000 years ago.It is believed that the Mongols of China, Eskimos, and probably the Korean people too all share a common ancestor in northern Asia.Today the two main groups of Eskimos are the Inuit of northern Alaska, Canada and Greenland, and the Yupik, comprising speakers of four distinct Yupik languages and originating in western Alaska, in South Central Alaska along the Gulf of Alaska coast, and in the Russian Far East.Aleut family of languages includes two cognate branches.The Unangam (Aleut) branch and the Eskimo branch.The Sirenikski language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family, but other sources regard it as a group belonging to the Yupik branch.Inuit languages comprise a dialect continuum, or dialect chain, that stretches from Unalakleet and Norton Sound in Alaska, across northern Alaska and Canada, and east all the way to Greenland.Speakers of two adjacent Inuit dialects can easily understand one another, but speakers of dialects at the extreme distant ends of the range have significant difficulty.Seward Peninsula dialects in Western Alaska, where much of the Inupiat culture has only been in place for perhaps less than 500 years, are greatly affected by phonological influence from the Yupik languages.Eastern Greenlandic, at the opposite end of the Inuit range has had significant word replacement due to a unique form of ritual name avoidance.The four Yupik languages have existed in place, which probably includes the locations where Eskimo culture and language began, for much longer than the Inuit language.While grammatical structures of Yupik and Inuit languages are similar, they have pronounced differences phonologically and differences of vocabulary between Inuit and any of one of the Yupik languages is greater than between any two Yupik languages.Terminology: Eskimo and alternate terms
See also: Origin of the name Eskimo
In Canada and Greenland the term Eskimo has fallen out of favor, is considered pejorative, and has been replaced by the term Inuit.However, while Inuit describes all of the Eskimo peoples in Canada and Greenland, that is not true in Alaska and Siberia.In Alaska the term Eskimo is commonly used, because it includes both Yupik and Inupiat, while Inuit is not accepted as a collective term or even specifically used for Inupiat (which technically is Inuit).No universally acceptable replacement term for Eskimo, inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik people, is acceptanced across the geographical area inhabited by the Inuit and Yupik peoples.There are two different etymologies in scientific literature for the term Eskimo.Montagnais (which Mailhot and Goddard agree is the language from which the word originated), published a definitive study in 1978 stating that it means "people who speak a different language".Nevertheless, while the word is not inherently pejorative, owing to folklore and derogatory usage, since the 1970s in Canada and Greenland Eskimo has widely been considered offensive.The language is often called Inuktitut, though other local designations are also used.The Inuit of Greenland refer to themselves as Greenlanders or, in their own language, Kalaallit, and to their language as Greenlandic or Kalaallisut.Because of the linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences between Yupik and Inuit peoples there is uncertainty as to the acceptance of any term encompassing all Yupik and Inuit people, though there has been some movement to use Inuit.Thus, in Alaska, Eskimo continues to be acceptable, and is the preferred term when speaking collectively of all Inupiat and Yupik people, or of all Inuit and Yupik people of the world.The term has important legal usage in Alaska and the rest of the United States as a result of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971.Aleut languages, the smaller branch being Aleut.The Inupiat people are the Inuit people of Alaska's Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs and the Bering Straits region, including the Seward Peninsula.Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is in the Inupiaq region.Their language is known as Inupiaq.Canadian Inuit live primarily in Nunavut (a territory of Canada), Nunavik (the northern part of Quebec) and in Nunatsiavut (the Inuit settlement region in Labrador).Arctic Ocean coastline area from the Alaskan border east to Amundsen Gulf and includes the western Canadian Arctic Islands.The land was demarked in 1984 by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.The Kalaallit live in Greenland, which is called Kalaallit Nunaat in Kalaallisut.They traditionally lived a coastal lifestyle, subsisting primarily on ocean resources such as salmon, halibut, and whale, as well as rich land resources such as berries and land mammals.Alutiiq people today live in coastal fishing communities, where they work in all aspects of the modern economy, while also maintaining the cultural value of subsistence.The Alutiiq language is relatively close to that spoken by the Yupik in the Bethel, Alaska area, but is considered a distinct language with two major dialects: the Koniag dialect, spoken on the Alaska Peninsula and on Kodiak Island, and the Chugach dialect, is spoken on the southern Kenai Peninsula and in Prince William Sound.Residents of Nanwalek, located on southern part of the Kenai Peninsula near Seldovia, speak what they call Sugpiaq and are able to understand those who speak Yupik in Bethel.The use of the apostrophe in the name Yup'ik denotes a longer pronunciation of the p sound than found in Siberian Yupik.Of all the Alaska Native languages, Central Alaskan Yup'ik has the most speakers, with about 10,000 of a total Yup'ik population of 21,000 still speaking the language.Lawrence Island in Alaska.About 1,050 of a total Alaska population of 1,100 Siberian Yupik people in Alaska still speak the language, and it is still the first language of the home for most St.In Siberia, about 300 of a total of 900 Siberian Yupik people still learn the language, though it is no longer learned as a first language by children.Thus, speakers of two adjacent Inuit dialects would usually be able to understand one another, but speakers from dialects distant from each other on the dialect continuum would have difficulty understanding one another.Additionally, both Alutiiq Central Yup'ik have considerable dialect diversity.Although the grammatical structures of Yupik and Inuit languages are similar, they have pronounced differences phonologically, and differences of vocabulary between Inuit and any of one of the Yupik languages is greater than between any two Yupik languages.The Sirenikski language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family, but other sources regard it as a group belonging to the Yupik branch.Handbook of North American Indians, Vol."L'etymologie de "esquimau" revuew et corrigee"."Inuit or Eskimo: Which names to use?".Alaska Native Language Center.Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.This page was last modified 02:22, 10 January 2008.See Copyrights for details.Eskimo kinship (also referred to as Lineal kinship) is a concept of kinship used to define family in anthropology.Identified by Lewis Henry Morgan in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, the Eskimo system was one of six major kinship systems (Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese).Morgan's system of classification is considered obsolete in current mainstream anthropology.Kinship system
The Eskimo system places no distinction between patrilineal and matrilineal relatives, instead focusing on differences in kinship distance (the closer the relative is, the more distinguished).It uses both classificatory and descriptive terms, differentiating between gender, generation, lineal relatives (relatives in the direct line of descent), and collateral relatives (blood relatives not in the direct line of descent).Parental siblings are distinguished only by their sex (Aunt, Uncle).All children of these individuals are lumped together regardless of sex (Cousins).Europe or North America).In most Western societies, the nuclear family represents an independent social and economic group, further emphasizing the immediate kinship.The tendency in Western societies to live apart and interact with extended family only on a ceremonial basis also reinforces this.Terminology
Eskimo is the accepted term used by Alaska Natives today.Arctic portion of Alaska.This page was last modified 05:04, 4 October 2007.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.See Copyrights for details.Bering Sea Eskimo woman took advantage of Alaska's rich supply of furbearers to make this fancy festival
parka of squirrel, wolf, wolverine, and mink.Fur pants, tasseled
boots, earrings, and finger masks complete her costume.Click in the left side of the picture for the previous culture, or on the right for the next mannequin.Alaskan Eskimos are the most numerous and
most diverse of all Eskimo populations.Occupying the entire coast of Alaska with the exception of the Aleutian Islands
and Southeast Alaska, Eskimos inhabit a wide variety of environments ranging from the North Slope arctic tundras and
coasts to the Bering Sea lowlands and the mountainous, forested coasts of South Alaska.Eskimos are known today under a
variety of names, "Eskimo" or "Inuit" in Alaska, "Inuit" in Canada, and "Kalaadlit" in Greenland.Canadian Arctic and Greenland, and to the west, across Bering Strait, they inhabited coastal
regions of Chukotka.Eskimos the most widespread aboriginal population in the New World.Advertisement
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Esk.Eskimos, one in Greenland, Canada, and northern Alaska, the other in southern Alaska and Siberia.Micmac, extended or transferred to the Labrador Eskimo among the eastern Montagnais; perh.Usage note The name Inuit, by which the native people of the Arctic from northern Alaska to western Greenland call themselves, has largely supplanted Eskimo in Canada and is used officially by the Canadian government.Nonetheless, Eskimo continues in use in all parts of the world, especially in historical and archaeological contexts and in reference to the people as a cultural and linguistic unity.The term Native American is sometimes used to include Eskimo and Aleut peoples.Any of the languages of the Eskimo peoples.French Esquimaux, possibly from Spanish esquimao, esquimal, from Montagnais ayashkimew, Micmac.Usage Note: Eskimo has come under strong attack in recent years for its supposed offensiveness, and many Americans today either avoid this term or feel uneasy using it.Arctic Canada and parts of Greenland.While use of these terms is often preferable when speaking of the appropriate linguistic group, none of them can be used of the Eskimoan peoples as a whole; the only inclusive term remains Eskimo.The claim that Eskimo is offensive is based primarily on a popular but disputed etymology tracing its origin to an Abenaki word meaning "eaters of raw meat."Though modern linguists speculate that the term actually derives from a Montagnais word referring to the manner of lacing a snowshoe, the matter remains undecided, and meanwhile many English speakers have learned to perceive Eskimo as a derogatory term invented by unfriendly outsiders in scornful reference to their neighbors' unsophisticated eating habits.See Usage Note at Inuit.The Eskimo people's word for themselves is Innuit "men."Web Search powered by Google
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