| This article is about the second book in the Torah.Discussion of the Exodus, a major event in the book, is in a separate article.For other uses of the name, see Exodus (disambiguation).Exodus (Greek: "departure") is the second book of the Jewish Torah and the Christian Old Testament, in which Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt.The book opens with the Israelites in Egypt, having been welcomed there at the end of Genesis.The Israelites settle in Egypt and grow in numbers.He meets God, who tells him to return to Egypt to liberate the Israelites.Finally, the Pharaoh relents and lets Moses lead the Israelites away.They travel for years through the wilderness, receive a covenant and its laws, and then displease God by creating a golden calf to worship.Moses wins God's forgiveness for his people, and they build the tabernacle.According to tradition, Exodus and the other four books of the Torah were written by Moses.Modern biblical scholarship has produced numerous theories, all of which place it in the 1st millennium BC.Historians and archaeologists have been unable to verify any of the events recounted in Exodus.Journey through the wilderness to Mount Sinai
2.Instructions for a Tabernacle, vestments, and associated ritual objects
2.Golden calf, and regiving of the law
2.Online versions and translations of Exodus
8.Once the famine ends, however, the Hebrews do not return to the Promised Land.Then a new Pharaoh, who did not know Joseph, becomes concerned about the military implications of the large increase in the Israelite population.He forces them to do manual labor and orders the Hebrew midwives to kill all male babies.One day, while watching his fellow Hebrews working, he feels sympathy for a laborer who is being whipped by a guard.God orders Moses to demand the release of the Israelites from Pharaoh and gives him the power to perform three miraculous signs to show his authority.Aaron, mentioned for the first time and identified as Moses' brother, is appointed to assist him.The Pharaoh refuses Moses' request and oppresses the people still further, ordering them to make bricks without straw.The genealogy of Moses and his family appears at this point, rather than at the beginning of the story.Pharaoh consequently relents and is only too glad to get rid of the Israelites.Journey through the wilderness to Mount Sinai
The Exodus begins after the Pharaoh issues the expulsion order following the tenth plague, and the Israelites go to Succoth.The Israelites continue their journey into the desert, and once in the Wilderness of Sin, they complain about the lack of food.Listening to their complaint, God sends them quail and subsequently provides a daily shower of manna from heaven.Covenant and its Laws
In the third month the Israelites arrive at Mount Sinai, and God announces, via Moses, that the Israelites are God's people.Bible, God's light only appeared to a selected group of people, chosen by Moses.God then announces a summarised moral law, the Ten Commandments.God calls Moses up into the mountain to receive a set of stone tablets containing the law, and further instructions.Instructions for a Tabernacle, vestments, and associated ritual objects
Intricate instructions are then given detailing the construction of a tabernacle, so that God can dwell permanently amongst the Israelites.There are also instructions for daily morning and evening offerings of a lamb.The specifications for construction of the tabernacle is then continued with directions for making a golden altar of incense, laver, anointing oil, and perfume.However, when he comes down, he sees what they have done and in anger smashes the two tablets of the law.Moses then returns to the people, who listen to him in respectful silence.Moses then commands the sons of Levi to slay "every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbor" (Exodus 32:27).The entire people respond willingly, and under the direction of Bezaleel and Aholiab, they complete all the instructions, for making the tabernacle, its contents, and the priestly robes.Composition
There is no single, universally accepted theory regarding the origins of Exodus; instead various theories are currently advanced placing it in a variety of different periods ranging from the 12th century BC or earlier to the period after 300 BC.Jews and Christians have traditionally understood the Torah to have been written by Moses.Exodus as comprising three sources, combined c 400 BC.Sample verse from Exodus 35:2 "For six days work may be done, but on the seventh day you shall have a holy day, a sabbath of complete rest to the LORD; whoever does any work on it shall be put to death."The traditional belief in both Jewish and Christian circles was that Moses was the author of all five books of the Torah.This theory is still advanced by Orthodox Jewish and evangelical Christian scholars but is not considered viable by mainstream biblical critics.The poetic Song of the sea, and the prose Covenant Code, both in Exodus, were identified as smaller independent works embedded in the main documents.In 1878 Julius Wellhausen, in his Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels, argued that the Priestly source was the last to be composed, in the 6th century BC, and his formulation became the consensual view.The southern Jahwist source promotes Aaron, the progenitor of the southern, Aaronite priestood.Meanwhile, it portrays Moses in a less flattering light.It also includes the Covenant Code, incorporated from an earlier source.BC
According to most scholarly analyses, the Yahwist source (J) provides the main narrative of Exodus, supplemented by the Elohist (E).Thus Richard Elliott Friedman's The Bible with Sources Revealed (2003) is a modern documentary hypothesis more or less identical with Wellhausen but accepting Yehezkel Kaufmann's dating of the Priestly source to the early 7th century.Whybray, whose The Making of the Pentateuch (1987) was a seminal critique of the methodology and assumptions of the documentary hypothesis, has proposed that the creation of Exodus and the Torah was the action of a single author, working from a host of fragments.Historical analysis and archaeological evidence has greatly ruled out the possibility of the exodus itself, pointing to more mythical than historical origins or routes.There have been several attempts to fix the date of the events in the book to a precise point on the Gregorian Calendar.Thutmose III or Amenhotep II of the 18th Dynasty, around 1444 BCE, favoured by a large minority of mostly religious scholars, since it precedes the destruction of Jericho, although some doubt surrounds the archaeological evidence supporting the Exodus and Canaanite conquest dating.Akhenaton of the 18th Dynasty, around 1340 BC.Thutmose died, young Professor Cyril Aldred shows that he was the commander of the king's chariot forces.Many scholars believe that the Hebrew phrase 'yam suph', commonly translated 'Red Sea', means 'Sea of Reeds' or 'Sea of Seaweed'.Ralph Ellis, Jesus, Last of the Pharaohs p.Anchor
Encyclopedia Judaica, Keter Publishing, entry on "Population", volume 13, column 866.Exploring Exodus: The Origins of Biblical Israel Nahum Sarna, Shocken Books, 1986 (first edition), 1996 (reprint edition), chapter 5, "Six hundred thousand men on foot"."Those Amazing Biblical Numbers: Taking Stock of the Armies of Ancient Israel" William Sierichs, Jr.Kyle McCarter, Biblical Archaeological Society, 1992.Hershel Shanks, Editor, Biblical Archaeological Society, 1997
Secrets of the Exodus: The Egyptian Origins of the Hebrew People", by Messod Sabbah, Roger Sabbath, Helios Press, 2004
"Did the Red Sea Part?Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation)
Exodus (The Living Torah) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.Exodus (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.Rheims Bible)
Exodus (New American Bible)
Online Bible at GospelHall.This page was last modified 16:12, 9 January 2008.See Copyrights for details.For the singer, see Paris Bennett.Exodus is a Marvel Comics supervillain, created by writer Scott Lobdell and artist Joe Quesada.However, Exodus had a fanatical style of command, and the two drifted out of touch.Fictional character biography
1.Back with the Acolytes
1.Brotherhood of Mutants
1.Powers and abilities
3 Other versions
3.The two had set out on a quest to find the Tower of Power, the domain of the mythic "Eternal Pharaoh" in Akkaba when Dane Whitman (the 20th century Black Knight) and Sersi had been transported back to the 12th century, Whitman transported into Eobar's body.Eobar retained control, but felt something was wrong.When he came into contact with Sersi he abandoned the quest, angering Du Parris, who then left to find the tower alone.Du Parris was then tested, and his mutant powers manifested for the first time.Proving himself strong, he disappeared from the spot.While searching for Du Parris, the two were captured by Apocalypse.When they awoke they found Bennet Du Parris had been transformed into Exodus, recognizing him as the same Exodus from the 20th century.Apocalypse commanded Exodus to destroy the Black Knight.When Dane refused to kill Exodus, Sersi intervened, though her attack proved useless.Apocalypse again commanded Exodus to kill Sersi and Dane, though this time Exodus refused.He turned on Apocalypse calling him a "false god".Apocalypse stripped Exodus of his power and sealed him away in a crypt in the Swiss Alps.He found there was a curse preventing Exodus from leaving, yet others were allowed to come and go as they pleased.Dane left guards who had sworn to look after the crypt for generations to come, and he and Sersi returned to their time.Acolytes
Sometime later, in the 20th century, Magneto found and freed Exodus, taking him back to Avalon.Factor (his first actual appearance).It seemed as though Exodus wanted to tell them something, but he refrained and left.Force to take Cannonball and Sunspot to Avalon with him.They declined, but the team proved no match for Exodus.Force fled the station, but not before Cable was mortally wounded by Magneto.Men on Avalon, Exodus assumed leadership of the Acolytes.Exodus would converse with the mindless Magneto, believing he could hear Magneto's voice.Soon after, Fabian Cortez had resurfaced in Genosha, where he had taken Magneto's granddaughter Luna prisoner.When Luna's mother Crystal realized Luna had been taken, she and the Avengers left for Genosha.Exodus arrived in Genosha to save the mutate people and destroy the humans.He quickly came to blows with the Avengers, defeating both War Machine and Sersi before leaving.Exodus then found Fabian Cortez in the sewers of Genosha, using the baby Luna as a human shield.Cortez tried his best to escape, telling Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, Crystal and Jean Grey they must kill Exodus in exchange for Luna's life.They were no match for Exodus, however, and he took control of Cortez, making him hand over Luna and seemingly killing him.Exodus then appeared to the mutates of Genosha, telling them to kill all humans or the entire island would be crushed under his force field.Men teamed up and took the fight to Exodus, but it proved futile.It wasn't until Professor Xavier unleashed a powerful psionic attack on Exodus that Black Knight was able to sneak up on Exodus, cutting through him with his energy blade.Exodus, weakened and defeated, left for Avalon, but not before unleashing a powerful attack on Quicksilver.It was also revealed during this battle that Black Knight remembered Exodus, but not from where or when.Despite some Acolyte's objections, Exodus ordered the cocoon to be brought on board, believing it to be a sign of things to come.During the night the being inhabiting the cocoon awoke and absorbed several Acolytes, killing them.The being turned out to be Holocaust, one of the survivors of the altered reality the Age of Apocalypse.Holocaust confused Exodus with his AoA counterpart.Exodus and Holocaust battled without regard for anything around them, destroying Avalon and sending its remnants to Earth.Severely weakened from his battle with Holocaust, Exodus made his way back to the crypt in the Swiss Alps where Apocalypse had originally locked him away.There Exodus hoped to rest and regain his powers, but discovered that his powers had somehow changed.Exodus became a kind of psychic vampire, needing to absorb the psionic energy of others.Man discovered Exodus' link to Apocalypse.Man let loose the full extent of his power, which proved to be too much for Exodus, and sealed him in a rapidly closing crevasse.Back with the Acolytes
Exodus survived, his powers reverted to normal, and he returned to leading the Acolytes.Seeing the High Evolutionary's experiments as crimes against nature, Exodus sent an army of Mutates and a team of Acolytes in an attack against the Evolutionary's base, Wundagore Mountain.Despite opposition from Quicksilver and the Knights of Wundagore, Exodus successfully gained control of the citadel while the High Evolutionary escaped.Exodus considered it his "holy mission" to rid the world of impure and artificial mutants such as the High Evolutionary and his creations, the beings known as Inhumans, and those infected with the Legacy Virus.He sent a team which included Pyro, Avalanche, Omega Red and Feral to find the High Evolutionary, promising the infected members a cure to the Legacy Virus.He also sent Fabian Cortez on a mission to destroy the Terrigen Mists in the Inhuman city of Attilan; however in the end, Cortez failed.The High Evolutionary decided it was time to regain control of Mount Wundagore, and set off with a team towards the citadel.Beast who stole the scepter housing Isotope E, greatly empowering him.Exodus and his Acolyte's appeared and Exodus demanded the isotope be handed over.Beast refused to comply.Quicksilver eventually escaped, gained control of Isotope E himself, turned the isotope on himself, and became more powerful than he had ever been before.Quicksilver and was soundly defeated.Just as Pietro began to celebrate however, the High Evolutionary, now 20 feet tall and completely insane, smashed through the wall behind them.The Acolytes refused to help in the battle against High Evolutionary, prompting Exodus to call them cowards; the mutant announced that the High Evolutionary was an abomination and that Exodus would defeat him by any means necessary.Beast appeared and suggested that the three of them unite their psionic power.This tactic worked and the High Evolutionary began to shrink back down as a result of their combined assault, but Quicksilver intervened and convinced them to stop before they could kill the High Evolutionary.Quicksilver reverted to normal, and Thena incapacitated, Exodus attempted once more to destroy the High Evolutionary.However, he was again halted in his attempt, this time by the voice of the Black Knight.The Knight allowed Exodus into his mind where the mutant discovered that this Black Knight was his friend from centuries ago.The two then engaged in combat until the Black Knight defeated Exodus and once again sealed him in the crypt Apocalypse had created.Later on, Exodus escaped from his prison yet again, this time emerging as a changed man.Disguising himself as Magneto, Exodus used his psionic power (boosted by technological means) to bring peace to the island nation of Genosha, forcing humans and mutants to coexist.Men, Exodus proclaimed himself a penitent trying desperately to atone for his bigoted past.Without his control, however, Genosha descended into civil war once more, leaving Exodus emotionally devastated.Two of the residents, a young mutant child and a cafeteria employee, die as a result.For the Brotherhood the attack proves a complete disaster, resulting in most of the Brotherhood, Exodus included, being sucked into the mutant Xorn's head.It is unknown whether this deal will come up later.Day
Exodus was one of the few mutants who retained his powers after the events of the House of M storyline.The '198 Files', he is listed as a severe danger.He now leads a new team of Acolytes with Frenzy, Random and Tempo as followers.Exodus and his new Acolytes attack the S.Men and the remaining mutants worldwide are now an endangered species, he leaves.Sinister, who reveals that he can save mutantkind from extinction.Men return to Mystique's home where they are betrayed by Mystique, Lady Mastermind and a possessed Omega Sentinel and attacked by the Marauders.January 2007)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.Exodus possesses vast psionic powers.Exodus has stated that he can bring the dead back to life.He appears to have done so on several occasions bringing back Acolytes who had been killed.Exodus is able to use his telekinetic abilities to lift heavy objects, project blasts, and generate highly durable force fields around him, rendering him highly resistant to physical injury.However the Hulk and Apocalypse have been able to effortlessly withstand his powers.This is not to say that without his followers Exodus is weak.Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse, Exodus was removed from his stasis by Apocalypse and was tortured by The Madri.Exodus was one of Magneto's most powerful followers, though lacking the cruelty of his mainstream counterpart (something that may have been linked to his romantic involvement with the AoA version of Dazzler).Exodus was not aware of all his powers as Magneto never told him, afraid that his full power might corrupt him.Necessity forced Magneto to tell Exodus about his powers of teleportation.House Of M
In this alternate reality, Exodus rules Australia, assisted by Pyro and the Vanisher.The Hulk ends up attacking the seat of power directly, knocking Exodus down, seemingly claiming rulership over all Australia.Having been abandoned by Magneto for bringing the trouble on himself by disobeying Magneto's orders, Exodus attempted to keep control but quickly lost it.Later, Magneto contacted Banner and attempted to convince him that Exodus was willing to take over again and leave the Aborigines alone this time.Men: Children of the Atom.This page was last modified 20:10, 6 January 2008.Asheville, NC
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