| Orbital's space launch vehicles are the industry standard for boosting small payloads to orbit.Orbital was an English techno duo whose career lasted from 1989 until 2004, consisting of brothers Paul and Phil Hartnoll.One of the biggest names in British electronica during the 1990s, Orbital were both critically and commercially successful, being particularly known for an element of live improvisation during their shows, a rarity with techno acts.Their name, Orbital, was taken from personal associations with their mother residing near London.They were initially influenced by early electro and punk rock.Early years
In 1989, Orbital recorded a track called Chime on their father's cassette deck.The duo's popularity grew rapidly with the release of their second album, titled Orbital 2, in 1993.UK album charts, staying in the top chart for fifteen weeks.Halcyon was remixed for the album, as Halcyon + On + On.Orbital won a NME award for Vibes Best Dance Act early in 1994, but it was their headline appearance at the Glastonbury Festival on 25 June 1994 that brought them most attention.Orbital in their list of 50 Bands to See Before You Die.Orbital were one of the few electronic acts invited to play at Woodstock '94.Among the remixes of Are We Here?Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, which was in part intended to clamp down on the rave scene which had given birth to Orbital.As with the previous album, there was a vague theme of ecological disaster and dissatisfaction with society.In 2000 the single Beached was released from the soundtrack to the film The Beach, mixing the brothers' musical style with a melody by Angelo Badalamenti and the words of Leonardo DiCaprio from the film.It was to be their last album for FFRR, and had a mixed critical reception.Orbital split up in 2004 .The release of their seventh and last original album, The Blue Album (which, unlike the untitled previous green and brown albums, was actually named The Blue Album), coincided with this final wave of shows.Following the break up
Paul Hartnoll continues to record music under his own name, including tracks for the new Wipeout Pure game for the PSP.He released his first full length solo album, entitled "The Ideal Condition" on the ACP record label in June 2007.Their debut album, "Madness and Me", was released on their own label, Long Range Recordings, on August 6, 2007.The collection contains over 2 hours of music recorded from the group's performances at the festival over the course of a decade of appearances there.Political commentary
Orbital sometimes incorporated political and environmental commentary into their music.The Second Coming written by Russell T Davies.Budr ("dirty water" in Welsh) and P.Compilations
The Bedroom Sessions (Various Artists, selected by Orbital, released with the April 2002 issue of Mixmag.UK
Back to Mine (DJ Mix album) (2002)
Orbital are sometimes confused with The Orb, a similarly named band that has also been very influential in the realm of electronic music.In its early days, The Orb often did remixes of other artists' songs and called the result an "Orbital Mix", but these remixes have nothing to do with the band Orbital.The Orb stopped this practice after Orbital became popular, hoping not to cause any more confusion.BBC, 24 January 2003, accessed 29 May 2007.Orbital discography at MusicBrainz
Orbital discography
DMoz.Orbital at Discogs
Orbital at Last.For other uses, see Orbit (disambiguation).Two bodies with a slight difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter.History
Orbits were first analyzed mathematically by Johannes Kepler who formulated his results in his three laws of planetary motion.Second, he found that the orbital speed of each planet is not constant, as had previously been thought, but rather that the speed of the planet depends on the planet's distance from the sun.And third, Kepler found a universal relationship between the orbital properties of all the planets orbiting the sun.For each planet, the cube of the planet's distance from the sun, measured in astronomical units (AU), is equal to the square of the planet's orbital period, measured in Earth years.Jupiter, for example, is approximately 5.AU from the sun and its orbital period is 11.Newton showed that a pair of bodies follow orbits of dimensions that are in inverse proportion to their masses about their common center of mass.Where one body is much more massive than the other, it is a convenient approximation to take the center of mass as coinciding with the center of the more massive body.To date, no comet has been observed in our solar system with a distinctly hyperbolic orbit.As two objects orbit each other, the periapsis is that point at which the two objects are closest to each other and the apoapsis is that point at which they are the farthest from each other.As a planet approaches apoapsis, the planet will decrease in velocity.Understanding orbits
There are a few common ways of understanding orbits.However, it has enough tangential velocity to miss the orbited object, and will continue falling indefinitely.As an illustration of an orbit around a planet, the Newton's cannonball model may prove useful (see image below).Imagine a cannon sitting on top of a tall mountain, which fires a cannonball horizontally.The mountain needs to be very tall, so that the cannon will be above the Earth's atmosphere and we can ignore the effects of air friction on the cannon ball.If the cannon fires its ball with a low initial velocity, the trajectory of the ball curves downwards and hits the ground (A).For any specific combination of height above the center of gravity, and mass of the planet, there is one specific firing velocity that produces a circular orbit, as shown in (C).In a practical sense, both of these trajectory types mean the object is "breaking free" of the planet's gravity, and "going off into space".Circumnavigating orbits
Range of elliptical paths with closest point opposite firing point
Circular path
Range of elliptical paths with closest point at firing point
4.Newton's laws of motion
For a system of only two bodies that are only influenced by their mutual gravity, their orbits can be exactly calculated by Newton's laws of motion and gravity.Briefly, the sum of the forces will equal the mass times its acceleration.Gravity is proportional to mass, and falls off proportionally to the square of distance.To calculate, it is convenient to describe the motion in a coordinate system that is centered on the heavier body, and we can say that the lighter body is in orbit around the heavier body.An unmoving body that's far from a large object has more gravitational potential energy than one that's close, because it can fall farther.The orbit can be open (so the object never returns) or closed (returning), depending on the total kinetic + potential energy of the system.An open orbit has the shape of a hyperbola (when the velocity is greater than the escape velocity), or a parabola (when the velocity is exactly the escape velocity).This may be the case with some comets if they come from outside the solar system.Otherwise, the point where the orbiting body is closest to Earth is the perigee, called periapsis (less properly, "perifocus" or "pericentron") when the orbit is around a body other than Earth.Therefore the orbit lies in a plane, called the orbital plane.There are also specific terms for orbits around particular bodies; things orbiting the Sun have a perihelion and aphelion, things orbiting the Earth have a perigee and apogee, and things orbiting the Moon have a perilune and apolune (or, synonymously, periselene and aposelene).As the planet moves around its orbit during a fixed amount of time, the line from Sun to planet sweeps a constant area of the orbital plane, regardless of which part of its orbit the planet traces during that period of time.This means that the planet moves faster near its perihelion than near its aphelion, because at the smaller distance it needs to trace a greater arc to cover the same area.This law is usually stated as "equal areas in equal time."Newton in Principia in 1687.These approximations take two forms.One form takes the pure elliptic motion as a basis, and adds perturbation terms to account for the gravitational influence of multiple bodies.This is convenient for calculating the positions of astronomical bodies.The equations of motion of the moon, planets and other bodies are known with great accuracy, and are used to generate tables for celestial navigation.Therefore accelerations can be expressed in terms of positions.Predicting subsequent positions and velocities from initial ones corresponds to solving an initial value problem.Numerical methods calculate the positions and velocities of the objects a tiny time in the future, then repeat this.Using this scheme, galaxies, star clusters and other large objects have been simulated.Analysis of orbital motion
(See also orbit equation and Kepler's first law.Since the force is entirely radial, and since acceleration is proportional to force, it follows that the transverse acceleration is zero.Kepler's 2nd law (A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time)
The constant of integration h is the angular momentum per unit mass.At each periapsis, the object scrapes the air, losing energy.Each time, the orbit grows less eccentric (more circular) because the object loses kinetic energy precisely when that energy is at its maximum.This is similar to the effect of slowing a pendulum at its lowest point; the highest point of the pendulum's swing becomes lower.The bounds of an atmosphere vary wildly.Basically, the wire cuts the magnetic field, and acts as a generator.The orbital energy is converted to heat in the wire.Orbits can be artificially influenced through the use of rocket motors which change the kinetic energy of the body at some point in its path.This is the conversion of chemical or electrical energy to kinetic energy.In this way changes in the orbit shape or orientation can be facilitated.Another method of artificially influencing an orbit is through the use of solar sails or magnetic sails.These forms of propulsion require no propellant or energy input other than that of the sun, and so can be used indefinitely.See statite for one such proposed use.Orbital decay can also occur due to tidal forces for objects below the synchronous orbit for the body they're orbiting.The gravity of the orbiting object raises tidal bulges in the primary, and since below the synchronous orbit the orbiting object is moving faster than the body's surface the bulges lag a short angle behind it.The near bulge slows the object more than the far bulge speeds it up, and as a result the orbit decays.Artificial satellites are too small to have an appreciable tidal effect on the planets they orbit, but several moons in the solar system are undergoing orbital decay by this mechanism.Mars' innermost moon Phobos is a prime example, and is expected to either impact Mars' surface or break up into a ring within 50 million years.This mechanism is extremely weak for most stellar objects, only becoming significant in cases where there is a combination of extreme mass and extreme acceleration, such as with black holes or neutron stars that are orbiting each other closely.Hence orbital periods remain the same.Similarly, when an object is dropped from a tower, the time it takes to fall to the ground remains the same with a scale model of the tower on a scale model of the earth.When all densities are multiplied by four, orbits are the same, but with orbital velocities doubled.When all densities are multiplied by four, and all sizes are halved, orbits are similar, with the same orbital velocities.Role in the evolution of atomic theory
When atomic structure was first probed experimentally early in the twentieth century, an early picture of the atom portrayed it as a miniature solar system bound by the coulomb force rather than by gravity.This was inconsistent with electrodynamics and the model was progressively refined as quantum theory evolved, but there is a legacy of the picture in the term orbital for the wave function of an energetically bound electron state.References
Abell, Morrison, and Wolff (1987).Orbital Mechanics (Rocket and Space Technology)
The NOAA page on Climate Forcing Data includes (calculated) data on Earth orbit variations over the last 50 million years and for the coming 20 million years
The orbital simulations by Varadi, Ghil and Runnegar (2003) provide another, slightly different series for Earth orbit eccentricity, and also a series for orbital inclination.Earth and Mercury are available online.Menu scripts for flyover effect.PDF document link will open up the document
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PC.Welcome to the Orbital Debris Frequently Asked Questions section.Below, is a list of the most frequently asked questions and answers pertaining to orbital debris.What is orbital debris?What are examples of orbital debris?How much orbital debris is currently
in Earth orbit?How are the numbers of orbital
debris determined?What is the principal source of
large orbital debris?Are orbital debris uniformly distributed
about the Earth?How fast are orbital debris traveling?Space Shuttle have
to dodge orbital debris?How is the International Space
Station protected against orbital debris?How long will orbital debris remain
in Earth orbit?What can be done about orbital
debris?Do other countries have guidelines
on orbital debris?Is there an international treaty
on orbital debris?Where can I read more about orbital
debris?Earth which no longer serves a useful purpose.Debris Education Package (Adobe PDF 649
kb) that was presented during Educator's Day at NASA JSC.What are examples of orbital
debris?How much orbital debris is
currently in Earth orbit?How are the numbers of orbital
debris determined?Assessments of the population of orbital debris smaller than 1 mm can be made by examining impact features on the surfaces of returned spacecraft, although this has been limited to spacecraft operating in altitudes below 600 km.What is the principal source
of large orbital debris?Are orbital debris uniformly
distributed about the Earth?How fast are orbital debris
traveling?Space Shuttle is in orbit, the U.Space Surveillance Network regularly examines the trajectories of orbital debris to identify possible close encounters.If another object is projected to come within a few kilometers of the Space Shuttle, the Space Shuttle will normally maneuver away from the object if the chance of a collision exceeds 1 in 10,000.Photographs of Mir's exterior show large numbers of impacts from small orbital debris and meteoroids.How is the International
Space Station protected against orbital debris?ISS also has the capability of maneuvering to avoid tracked objects.In fact, many of the systems are being deployed in ways designed to minimize orbital debris generation.How long will orbital debris
remain in Earth orbit?Debris left in orbits below 600 km normally fall back to Earth within several years.At altitudes of 800 km, the time for orbital decay is often measured in decades.Is reentering debris a
risk to people and property on Earth?Earth orbit, what is the likelihood of collisions
between orbital debris and operational spacecraft?Only one such incident between objects from different missions has been recorded in 45 years.What can be done about orbital
debris?This can be done through prudent vehicle design and operations."The United States will seek to minimize the creation of space debris ...Department of Defense have issued guidelines governing the design and operation of spacecraft and upper stages to mitigate the growth of the orbital debris population.The Federal Aviation Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Federal Communications Commission also consider orbital debris issues in the licensing process for spacecraft and upper stages under their auspices.Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices was developed in 1997 and finalized in 2000.Do other countries have
guidelines on orbital debris?Is there an international
treaty on orbital debris?Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) to address orbital debris issues and to encourage operations in Earth orbit which limit the growth of orbital debris.In addition, since 1994 orbital debris has been a topic of assessment and discussion in the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.Where can I read more about
orbital debris?Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, 1995).Orbital Debris: A Technical Assessment (National Research Council, 1995).See also the United Nations Technical
Report on Space Debris (Adobe PDF 579 kb).Johnson Space Center and is the lead NASA center
for orbital debris research."Low Earth Orbit view of Orbital debris.It is the most concentrated area for orbital debris."The Geosynchronous view is generated from a distant oblique vantage point to provide a good view of the object population in the geosynchronous region (around 35,785 km altitude).Charts
Concerts
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Y!Rating affects your music played in LAUNCHcast and Music Videos.Sign in to get personalized recommendations.Hours() * 3600 + newCurrentTime.Minutes() * 60 + newCurrentTime.Hours() * 3600 + currentTime.See all 26 customer reviews...Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?To hear a song sample, click on "Listen" by that sample.In the late 1980s, as American house and techno imports flooded Britain and the Acid House movement was sweeping the nation, brothers Paul and Phil Hartnoll were busy building Britain's own interpretation of the sound.Named for the illegal "Orbital" raves taking place on London's M1, they dragged their equipment from party to party, playing live PAs of their homegrown dance music to enthusiastic crowds of revelers.With expert guidance, it's simple!Get tones for your favorite artist or song.Add a iframe that allows us to ping the server when this element becomes visible
a9AdsViewNamespace.See all 319 customer reviews...The easiest way to shoot video reviews.For fans of the group it is a must have.Orbital for new listeners."Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided to other Amazon.Sides which features Orbital at their best in experimentation.Orbital 1 should not be overlooked.Some great tracks abound here including Chime, Ooo Laa, Belfast, and Satan.This CD is worth buying just for this one track.Was this review helpful to you?AOL Instant Messaging network...It's just not the Orbital I'm used to.The album, also known as the 'Green Album', is actually a collection of singles and tracks made from 1989 to 1991.Every legacy has it's beginning
When it comes to speaking of the gods of electronic music, such as Orbital, you should never ever use 'catchy' phrases or even try to classify them with a style.Orbital CD is, more or less, the first release by the brothers Hartnoll.Remakes that you like better than the original.Find more killer Electronica tracks from the past 15 years: A guide by C.Music You Should Hear: Artists' PicksWant to know what Norah Jones, Sting, and Il Divo are listening to?Off Your StairMaster and Nautilus Purchase
Purchase a select StairMaster or Nautilus product offered by Amazon.This offer applies only to Amazon.If you need help or have a question for Customer Service, contact us.Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?Your comments can help make our site better for everyone.Orbital Music Videos Free From WoozyFly.Award Winning Cases, Cables, Chargers, and More. |
