| For other uses, see Shah (disambiguation).Shah is a Persian term for a monarch (leader) that has been adopted in many other languages.Word history
2 Ruling Shahs
2.Related and subsidiary princely titles
3.Word history
"Shah" was the title of Iranian monarchs, including the Achaemenid dynasty which unified Persia and created a vast intercontinental empire until it was overrun by Alexander the Great.Both were often shortened to their root, shah viz.From the related word kshathra "realm, province" also descends kshathrapavan, literally "guardian of the realm", which in western languages became satrap 'governor' via the Greek and Latin satrapes.Via its Arabic form (also shah) it was the root of the western words for chess and check (as in "check mate").Nominal Shahs
Various Iranian monarchies, and others imitating that example, used the royal title shah.Sultan of Bengal who united that state (the use of shah in the name itself, as here, is not titular, and rarely significant).Shah has predominantly been used in countries where words like "King" are used, but where English is not spoken.Muslim dynasties could adopt this royal style.It is also borne by several families descended from rulers of certain Nepali vassal principalities.The term shah or shahanshah has roughly corresponded to Persia since the Achaemenid Persian Empire (which had succeeded and absorbed the Mede state), or the properly Iranian Empire, after its conquest by Alexander the Great who translated it into Greek as basileus ton basileon, also often shortened to basileus.It is also known that the title of shahanshah was given to Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia, when he made his empire defeating the Parthians.The title is roughly equivalent in rank to the western emperor and is hence often translated as such in English or its equivalent in other languages.However until the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an enviable ally of the Western powers eager to make the Ottoman Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) European parts of the Turkish Empire, and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as padishah, the western practice was to consider 'king of kings' a particular but royal title.In orthodox Georgia, Giorgi III, grandson of King Bagrat III (who expelled the Turks from the eastern provinces, threw off his allegiance to Byzantium and unified all Georgia, establishing its rule over the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and Armenians), was the first to assume the subsidiary titles of shahanshah (like the Persian king of kings) and master of all the East and West.Mepeta ('King of Kings') of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West", with the style of His Majesty (or His Splendour).However, after imperial Russia (also orthodox) had established a protectorate over the 'Transcaucasian' kingdom of Georgia, the emperor recognised the following Russified styles and titles as of 24 September, 1783, old style for its Hereditary Sovereign and Prince (now in fact a Russian vassal): The Most Serene Tsar (i.Shah bahadur
In the Mughal tradition, the addition of bahadur raises any title one rank, so this means something untranslatable such as 'King first class'.Ruler styles
The title padishah 'great king' (see both articles) was also adopted from the Iranians (Persians) by the Ottomans (the 'Great Sultan' was the Sunni counterpart of the Shiah Shahanshah) for their emperor, and by various other Islamic monarchs claiming imperial rank, such as the Indian mughal (among them only the Ottomans would also claim the caliphate, full sovereign authority over universal (or at least Sunni) Islam, like the prophet).It must have been highly respected not to be swept away by Islam before the Ottomans could adopt it as a subsidiary title in the full style of their Great Sultan (following directly after padishah).Muslim realm of Khwarezmia, or the more modest Azeiri Shirvanshah of Shirvan (later a modest khanate)."Prince" article for other uses of the suffix.However the precise full styles can differ 'creatively' in the court traditions of each shah's 'kingdom'.Shahzada (personal title), Mirza (personal name) Bahadur, though this style could also nominatim be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives; other male descendants of the sovereign, in the male line were merely styled Mirza (personal name) or (personal name) Mirza.Malik (Arabic for king, so equivalent) of Afghanistan.Sultanat (given name) Effendi Hazlatlari), who was however addressed as Shahzada Hazratlari (or Shahzade Hazretleri) 'imperial highness.Maharajadhiraja): Shahzada (personal name) Singh Bahadur, while the heir apparent was styled Tika Sahib Bahadur
The corruption Shahajada 'Shah's son', taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, is the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a Nepalese sovereign (a Hindu Maharajadhiraja; but cfr.Shaha above), in the male line.Vali Ahad, usually in addition to shahzada where his junior siblings enjoyed this style.Princess of the imperial households (see: Princess).Buland Iqbal and a seat on a gold throne by the side of the Emperor 's throne were awarded on 3 February 1655 to Shahzada Dara Shikuh, eldest son of the Padshah Khurram Shah Jehan I (d.Other uses
As with many titles, the word shah is also often used in names.Shah is perhaps the third most common last name in India, following 1Singh and 2Patel.It is mostly seen in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, India."Shah" is also the last name taken by the royal families in Nepal after King Pritivi Narayan Shah united the kingdom in 1768."Shah" is also common name of people living in southern Nepal, the Terai region, such as Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Janakpur, and Siraha districts.There are many Shahs living in Nepalese villages such as Arnaha, Laukaha, and Pachrukhi.This page was last modified 15:26, 8 January 2008.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.See Copyrights for details.July 27, 1980, Cairo), styled His Imperial Majesty, and holding the imperial titles of Shahanshah (King of Kings), and Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the monarch of Iran from September 16, 1941, until the Iranian Revolution on February 11, 1979.He was the second monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty and the last Shah of the Iranian monarchy.Shah
2 Biography
2.Deposition of his father
2.Oil nationalization and the 1953 coup
2.Marriages and children
4.Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father, Reza Shah.Mohammad Reza Shah's rule oversaw the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry under the prime ministership of Mohammad Mossadegh.During the Shah's reign, Iran celebrated 2,500 years of continuous monarchy since the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.Shi'a clergy due to parts of the reforms, increased opposition to his authority.While a Muslim himself, the Shah gradually lost support from muhammad zain elahi the great Shi'a clergy of Iran, particularly due to his strong policy of Westernization and recognition of Israel.Clashes with the religious right, increased communist activity, Western interference in the economy, and a 1953 period of political disagreements with Mohammad Mossadegh , eventually leading to Mossadegh's ousting, would cause an increasingly autocratic rule.Secretary of State Madeleine K.The Eisenhower Administration believed its actions were justified for strategic reasons; but the coup was clearly a setback for Iran's political development.Various controversial policies were enacted, including the banning of the Tudeh Party and the oppression of dissent by Iran's intelligence agency, SAVAK; Amnesty International reported that Iran had as many as 2,200 political prisoners in 1978.By 1979, the political unrest had transformed into a revolution which, on January 16, forced the Shah to leave Iran after 37 years of rule.Soon thereafter, the revolutionary forces transformed the government into an Islamic republic.Molouk, Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, and the third of his eleven children.He was born with a twin sister, Ashraf Pahlavi.Qajar dynasty of Persia.Years later, on December 12, 1925, Reza Khan was declared Shah by the country's National Assembly, the Majlis of Iran.He was crowned in a ceremony on April 25, 1926; at the same time, his son Mohammad Reza was proclaimed Crown Prince of Iran.Around the same time, his father officially asked the international community to refer to Persia by its internal name, "Iran".During World War II, Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son.During the subsequent military invasion and occupation, the joint Allied and Soviet command forced Reza Shah to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.He replaced his father on the throne on September 16, 1941.Allied West, which later proved to be the case.Subsequent to his succession as Shah, Iran became a major conduit for British and, later, American aid to the USSR during the war.American and Western involvement in Iran, an involvement that would continue to grow until the successful revolution against the Iranian monarchy in 1979.Mohammad Mossadegh was named Prime Minister of Iran following the nationalization of Iran's oil industry in 1951.In the early 1950s, there was a political crisis centered in Iran that commanded the focused attention of British and American intelligence outfits.Iranian petroleum industry, which was controlled by the British.He was buoyed by the American Ambassador, Henry Grady.In 1951, under the leadership of the nationalist movement of Dr.Mohammed Mossadegh, the Iranian parliament voted unanimously to nationalize the oil industry.Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), which was a pillar of Britain's economy and political clout.Mossadegh was named Prime Minister of Iran.Under the direction of Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.CIA officer and grandson of the former U.President Theodore Roosevelt, the CIA and British intelligence funded and led a covert operation to depose Mossadegh with the help of military forces loyal to the Shah, known as Operation Ajax.The plot hinged on orders signed by the Shah to dismiss Mossadegh as prime minister and replace him with General Fazlollah Zahedi, a choice agreed on by the British and Americans.Shah to flee to Baghdad, later leaving for Rome.After a brief exile in Italy, the Shah returned to Iran, this time through a successful second attempt at the coup.The Shah commuted this sentence to solitary confinement for three years in a military prison, followed by house arrest for life.The American Embassy in Tehran was reporting that Mossadegh had near total support from the nation and was unlikely to fall.Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, Kermit Roosevelt, Ambassador Henderson, and Secretary of Defense Charles Wilson.Kermit Roosevelt returned to Iran on July 13 and on August 1 in his first meeting with the shah.He lay down on the seat and covered himself with a blanket as guards waved his driver through the gates.The shah got into the car and Roosevelt explained the mission.The United States had announced its total lack of confidence in him; and his followers were drifting to indifference.On August 16, 1953, the right wing of the Army reacted.The shah fled the country in a humiliating haste.They roamed Tehran raising red flags and pulling down statues of Reza Shah.This frightened the conservative clergies like Kashani and National Front leaders like Makki, who sided with the shah.On August 18, Mossadegh hit back.Tudeh had no choice but to accept the defeat.The shah returned to power, but never extended the elitism of the court to the technocrats and intellectuals who emerged from Iranian and Western universities.Indeed, his system irritated the new classes, for they were barred from partaking in real power.Assassination attempts
The Shah was the target of two unsuccessful assassination attempts.On February 4, 1949, the Shah attended an annual ceremony to commemorate the founding of Tehran University.Arai fired five shots at the Shah from a ten foot range.Only one of the shots hit the Shah and his cheek was mildly wounded.Arai was instantly shot by nearby officers.Tudeh member but a religious fundamentalist.The second attempt on the Shah's life was on April 10, 1965.The assailant was killed before he reached the Shah's quarters.Two civilian guards died protecting the Shah.According to Vladimir Kuzichkin, a former KGB officer who defected to the SIS, the Shah was also allegedly targeted by Soviet Union, who tried to use a TV remote control to detonate a Volkswagen which was turned into an IED.General Iskander Mirza and First Lady Begum Rafat Iskander Ali Mirza Visiting The Shah of Iran at his palace in Tehran.Being Personally Greeted by The Shah himself.Concerning the fate of Bahrain (which Britain had controlled since the 19th century, but which Iran claimed as its own territory) and three small Persian Gulf islands, the Shah negotiated an agreement with the British, which, by means of a public consensus, ultimately led to the independence of Bahrain (against the wishes of Iranian nationalists).During this period, the Shah maintained cordial relations with the Persian Gulf states and established closer diplomatic ties with Saudi Arabia.Arab river, with the Shah also agreeing to end his support for Iraqi Kurdish rebels.The Shah also maintained close relations with King Hussein of Jordan, Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and King Hassan II of Morocco.Pakistani President Ayub Khan announced in Istanbul the establishment of the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) organization to promote joint transportation and economic projects also envisioning Afghanistan joining some time in the future.The Shah maintained close relations with Pakistan.During the 1965 war of Pakistan with India the Shah provided free fuel to the Pakistani planes who used to land on Iranian soil, refuel and then take off.The Shah with President Richard Nixon of the United States and First Lady Pat Nixon during a state visit in 1971.Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and his wife, Empress Farah, prepare to depart Andrews Air Force Base after a visit to the United States on November 16, 1977.Rastakhiz (Resurrection) Party in autocratic fashion.All Iranians were pressured to join in.He is either an individual who belongs to an illegal organization, or is related to the outlawed Tudeh Party, or in other words a traitor.In addition, the Shah had decreed that all Iranian citizens and the few remaining political parties must become part of Rastakhiz.Paris prepared breast of peacock for royalty and dignitaries around the world, the buildings were decorated by Maison Jansen (the same firm that helped Jacqueline Kennedy redecorate the White House), the guests ate off Ceraline Limoges china and drank from Baccarat crystal glasses.This became a major scandal for the contrast between the dazzling elegance of celebration and the misery of the nearby villages was so dramatic that no one could ignore it.Indeed, the cost was sufficiently impressive that the shah forbade his associates to discuss the actual figures.Although the shah was clearly willing to utilize instruments of terror to remain in power, he nevertheless was probably sincere about wishing to bring economic, social, and political reform to his country.The Iranian Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi meeting with Arthur Atherton, William H.Sullivan, Cyrus Vance, President Jimmy Carter, and Zbigniew Brzezinski,1977.United States and his active support for women's rights were moreover a reason for Islamic fundamentalist groups to attack his policies.On January 16, 1979, he and his wife left Iran at the behest of Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar (a long time opposition leader himself), who sought to calm down the situation.Khomeini Revolutionary guerrilla and rebel soldiers gained the upper hand in street fighting and the military announced their neutrality.Exile and death
The exiled monarch had become unpopular in much of the world, especially in the liberal West, ironically his original backers and those who had most to lose from his downfall.He travelled from country to country in his second exile seeking what he hoped would be a temporary residence.He later lived in Morocco, the Bahamas, and Mexico.Hodgkin's lymphoma began to grow worse, and required immediate and sophisticated treatment.Reluctantly, on October 22, 1979, President Jimmy Carter allowed the Shah to make a brief stopover in the United States to undergo medical treatment.The compromise was extremely unpopular with the revolutionary movement, which were against the United States' years of support of the Shah's rule, and demanded his return to Iran to stand trial.Once the Shah's course of treatment had finished, the American government, eager to avoid further controversy, pressed the former monarch to leave the country.He left the United States on December 15, 1979, and lived for a short time in the Isla Contadora in Panama.Finally he went back to Egypt, where he died on July 27, 1980, at the age of 60.Egyptian President Sadat gave the Shah a state funeral.The tombs lie off to the left of the entrance.However, the Shah places some of the blame for the wrongdoings of SAVAK and the failures of various democratic and social reforms (particularly through the White Revolution) upon Amir Abbas Hoveyda and his administration.Legacy
In the 1990s and the decade following 2000, the Shah's reputation has staged something of a revival, with many Iranians making favorable comparisons between his era and the social and economic conditions now prevaling in Iran.Journalist Afshin Molavi reports "books about the former Shah (even censored ones) sell briskly," while "books of the Rightly Guided Path sit idle."In 1969, the Shah sent one of 73 Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages to NASA for the historic first lunar landing.The message still rests on the lunar surface today.Almighty God to guide mankind towards ever increasing success in the establishment of culture, knowledge and human civilization."The Apollo 11 crew visited the Shah during a world tour.Marriages and children
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was married three times.They married in 1939 and were divorced in 1945 (Egyptian divorce) and 1948 (Iranian divorce).They had one daughter, Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi (born October 27, 1940).Soraya later told The New York Times that the Shah had no choice but to divorce her, and that he was heavyhearted about the decision.Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, a daughter of the deposed Italian king, Umberto II.Pope John XXIII reportedly vetoed the suggestion.They were married in 1959, and Queen Farah was crowned Shahbanu, or Empress, a title created especially for her in 1967.Previous royal consorts had been known as "Malakeh" (Arabic: Malika), or Queen.The couple remained together for twenty years, until the Shah's death.On the revolution
The role of the U.Ball was among those Americans who wanted to abandon me and ultimately my country.As the Shah of Iran, and as an Iranian, I will support the revolution of my people.You've never produced a Michelangelo or a Bach.Have you ever lacked the opportunity to give history a great chef?You've produced nothing great, nothing!When later he was asked in an interview by Barbara Walters if he had said this, he answered "Not with the same words, no."If some women wish to live veiled, then it is their choice, but why deprive half of our youth of the healthy pleasure of sports?Iranian Railway
Middle East Theatre of World War II
Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.General Iskander Mirza First President of Pakistan a very close friend of the Shah himself.Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, The Shah's Story, M.Iran", The New York Times, 2000.Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam.William Lewis, Debacle: The American Failure in Iran, Knopf, p.Shah of Iran flees into exile.Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc.Paul Hofmann, Pope Bans Marriage of Princess to Shah, The New York Times, 24 February 1959, p.Persian and English dedicated to Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi).Persian dedicated to Reza Shah including video clip and photos March 2007).Persian dedicated to Ardeshir Zahedi including video clip of marriage with Princess Shahnaz and photos of Shah March 2007).The Shah's last interview (conducted by David Frost in Panama).YouTube Video
Azadi TV: The Shah
The Shah's last interview (conducted by David Frost in Panama).The Iranian constitution of 1906 (Persian).Mahmood Kashani (Persian)
Mossadegh saved the Shah, by Fereydoun Hoveyda
The CIA and Iran, Ardeshir Zahedi, May 22, 2000.James Risen: Secrets of History: The C.Shah knew what he was talking about: Oil is too valuable to burn, CommonDreams, November 29, 2005.Martin's Press, 1987), pp.Brzezinski's role in overthrow of the Shah, Payvand News, March 10, 2006.Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St.This page was last modified 15:26, 8 January 2008.See Copyrights for details.Tehran on October 26, 1919, the eldest son of Reza Shah.He completed his primary school in Switzerland.The couple divorced in 1949.Mohammad Reza married two more times, in 1950 with Soraya Esfandiari and 1959 with Farah Diba.He replaced his father, Reza Shah, on the throne on September 16, 1941, shortly before his 22nd birthday.He continued the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between the shah and an older professional politician, the nationalistic Mohammad Mosaddeq.During World War II, Britain and the USSR were concerned by Reza Shah's friendly relations with Germany.In 1941 the two countries invaded and occupied large areas of Iran.They forced Reza Shah to abdicate, and in the absence of a viable alternative, permitted Mohammad Reza to assume the throne.The new shah's reign began against a backdrop of social and political disarray, economic problems, and food shortages.Despite his vow to act as a constitutional monarch who would defer to the power of the parliamentary government, Mohammad Reza increasingly involved himself in governmental affairs and opposed or thwarted strong prime ministers.Prone to indecision, however, Mohammad Reza relied more on manipulation than on leadership.He concentrated on reviving the army and ensuring that it would remain under royal control as the monarchy's main power base.Soviet Tudeh Party, resulted in the banning of that party and the expansion of the Shah's constitutional powers.In the context of regional turmoil and the Cold War, the Shah established himself as an indispensable ally of the West.Domestically, he advocated reform policies, culminating in the 1963 program known as the White Revolution, which included land reform, the extension of voting rights to women, and the elimination of illiteracy.In 1967 he crowned himself as King of the Kings (Emperor of Iran) and his wife, Farah Diba, as Shahbanoo (Eperess), which caused discontentment amongst diffrent levels of society.These measures and the increasing arbitrariness of the Shah's rule provoked both religious leaders who feared losing their traditional authority and students and intellectuals seeking democratic reforms.These opponents criticized the Shah for violation of the constitution, which placed limits on royal power and provided for a representative government, and for subservience to the United States.The Shah saw himself as heir to the kings of ancient Iran, and in 1971 he held an extravagant celebration of 2,500 years of Persian monarchy.In 1976 he replaced the Islamic calendar with an "imperial" calendar, which began with the foundation of the Persian empire more than 25 centuries earlier.Islamic and resulted in religious opposition.The shah's regime suppressed and marginalized its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence organization, the SAVAK.Relying on oil revenues, which sharply increased in late 1973, the Shah pursued his goal of developing Iran as a mighty regional power dedicated to social reform and economic development.Yet he continually sidestepped democratic arrangements and refused to allow meaningful civic and political liberties, remaining unresponsive to public opinion.Shah reigned amidst widespread discontent caused by the continuing repressiveness of his regime, socioeconomic changes that benefited some classes at the expense of others, and the increasing gap between the ruling elite and the disaffected populace.Islamic leaders, particularly the exiled cleric Ayatollah Khomeini, were able to focus this discontent with a populist ideology tied to Islamic principles and calls for the overthrow of the shah.Beset by advanced cancer, the shah left Iran in January 1979 to begin a life in exile.His arrival in New York City led to the Iranian takeover of the American Embassy in Tehran by "Students of Imam's Line" and the taking hostage of more than 50 Americans for 444 days.The Shah died in Cairo, Egypt, on July 27, 1980.The first banyan tree in the United States was planted by Thomas Edison as a gift from Harvey Firestone who visited India in 1925.This tree was chosen by Shah Capital as a symbol to represent three facets of our investment strategy.The growth rate reflects our long term view of investment philosophy.Sweetwater Professional Centre
Category: Office Location: Sugar Land Land Size: 1.No recent releases found.Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.Persia, 1564, shaw, from Pers.His wife is a shahbanu (from banu "lady"); his son is a shahzadah (from zadah "son").Shop for books, music and more
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Thesaurus.Used formerly as a title for the hereditary monarch of Iran.They talked so freely and used such language, that the Shah ordered out his soldiers and attacked them.The History of the Telephone by Casson, Herbert N.Kim by Kipling, Rudyard View in contextLawrence wore that fine black beard in the chest upstairs, when he was Shah of Persia?All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only.This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. |
