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Happy Holidays from the Philadelphia Soul!!!!Will Tony Graziani lead the Soul to a championship next season?Item("1", 0, "Current News", "document.Item("2", 0, "News Archives", "document.Item("5", 0, "Depth Chart", "document.Item("7", 0, "Tryout Info", "document.Item("2", 0, "Upcoming Events", "document.Item("1", 0, "2007 Soulmates", "document.Item("2", 0, "Appearances", "document.Item("3", 0, "Auditions", "document.Item("4", 0, "Junior Soulmates", "document.Item("1", 0, "Soul Auction", "document.Item("3", 0, "AFL 101", "document.Item("5", 0, "Wallpapers", "document.Item("6", 0, "eCard", "document.Item("7", 0, "Soulman", "document.Item("8", 0, "Kid's Club", "document.Item("3", 0, "Building Stronger Communities with Stober Building Supply", "document.Item("5", 0, "Soul Charitable Foundation", "window.Item("6", 0, "Soul Moving Experience", "document.Pete's VIP Package", "document.Item("7", 0, "Group Tickets", "document.Item("8", 0, "All Inclusive Club Box", "document.Item("10", 0, "Soul Rewards Program", "document.Item("2", 0, "Partners", "document.Item("4", 0, "User Agreement", "document.Item("5", 0, "Privacy Policy", "document.For other uses, see Soul (disambiguation).In these traditions the soul is thought to incorporate the inner essence of each living being, and to be the true basis for sapience.It is believed in many cultures and religions that the soul is the unification of one's sense of identity.Souls are usually considered to be immortal and to exist prior to incarnation.The concept of the soul has strong links with notions of an afterlife, but opinions may vary wildly, even within a given religion, as to what may happen to the soul after the death of the body.Some religions don't even believe in the soul .Many within these religions and philosophies see the soul as immaterial, while others consider it to possibly have a material component, and some have even tried to establish the weight of the soul.Etymology
2 Philosophical views
2.Science and the soul
5.Attempted demonstrations of the soul as distinct from the mind
5.OHG seilen), related to the notion of being "bound" in death, and the practice of ritually binding or restraining the corpse of the deceased in the grave to prevent his or her return as a ghost.KJV "And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell."English variously translated as "soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion"; e.Philosophical views
The Ancient Greeks used the same word for 'alive' as for 'ensouled'.Buddhism, but that full "aliveness" and the soul were conceptually linked.Cornford quotes Pindar in saying that the soul sleeps whilst the limbs are active, but when man is sleeping, the soul is active and reveals in many a dream "an award of joy or sorrow drawing near".Pythagorean belief was that the soul had no life when it departed from the body, and retired into Hades with no hope of returning to a body.Socrates and Plato
Plato, drawing on the words of his teacher Socrates, considered the soul as the essence of a person, being, that which decides how we behave.As bodies die the soul is continually reborn in subsequent bodies.The Platonic soul comprises three parts:
the logos (mind, nous, or reason)
the thymos (emotion, or spiritedness)
the eros (appetitive, or desire)
Each of these has a function in a balanced and peaceful soul.It corresponds to the charioteer, directing the balanced horses of appetite and spirit.In the Ancient Greek view, this is the basal and most feral state.Aristotle
Aristotle, following Plato, defined the soul as the core essence of a being, but argued against its having a separate existence.For instance, if a knife had a soul, the act of cutting would be that soul, because 'cutting' is the essence of what it is to be a knife.Unlike Plato and the religious traditions, Aristotle did not consider the soul as some kind of separate, ghostly occupant of the body (just as we cannot separate the activity of cutting from the knife).As the soul, in Aristotle's view, is an actuality of a living body, it cannot be immortal (when a knife is destroyed, the cutting stops).More precisely, the soul is the "first actuality" of a naturally organized body."The axe has an edge for cutting" was, for Aristotle, analogous to "humans have bodies for rational activity," and the potential for rational activity thus constituted the essence of a human soul.Aristotle used his concept of the soul in many of his works; the De Anima (On the Soul) provides a good place to start to gain more understanding of his views.Aristotle's views regarding the immortality of the human soul; however, Aristotle makes it clear towards the end of his De Anima that he does believe that the intellect, which he considers to be a part of the soul, is eternal and separable from the body.Aristotle also believed that there were four parts, parts understood as powers, of the soul.The four sections are calculative part, the scientific part on the rational side used for making decisions and the desiderative part and the vegetative part on the irrational side responsible for identifying our needs.Nafis, further elaborated on the Aristotelian understanding of the soul and developed their own theories on the soul.They both made a distinction between the soul and the spirit, and in particular, the Avicennian doctrine on the nature of the soul was influential among the Scholastics.Some of Avicenna's views on the soul included the idea that the immortality of the soul is a consequence of its nature, and not a purpose for it to fulfill.In his theory of "The Ten Intellects", he viewed the human soul as the tenth and final intellect.He thus concludes that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance.Nafis on the other hand rejected this idea and instead argued that the soul "is related to the entirety and not to one or a few organs."He further criticized Aristotle's idea that every unique soul requires the existence of a unique source, in this case the heart.Thomas Aquinas understands the soul as the first principle, or act, of the body.However, his epistemological theory required that, since the intellectual soul is capable of knowing all material things, and since in order to know a material thing there must be no material thing within it, the soul was definitely not corporeal.Therefore, the soul had an operation separate from the body and therefore could subsist without the body.Furthermore, since the rational soul of human beings was subsistent and was not made up of matter and form, it could not be destroyed in any natural process.The full argument for the immortality of the soul and Thomas's elaboration of Aristotelian theory is found in Question 75 of the Summa Theologica.Faith affirm that "the soul is a sign of God, a heavenly gem whose reality the most learned of men hath failed to grasp, and whose mystery no mind, however acute, can ever hope to unravel."Know thou that the soul of man is exalted above, and is independent of all infirmities of body or mind.That a sick person showeth signs of weakness is due to the hindrances that interpose themselves between his soul and his body, for the soul itself remaineth unaffected by any bodily ailments.When it leaveth the body, however, it will evince such ascendancy, and reveal such influence as no force on earth can equal ...Observe how its splendor appeareth to have diminished, when in reality the source of that light hath remained unchanged.The soul of man should be likened unto this sun, and all things on earth should be regarded as his body.So long as no external impediment interveneth between them, the body will, in its entirety, continue to reflect the light of the soul, and to be sustained by its power.The soul of man is the sun by which his body is illumined, and from which it draweth its sustenance, and should be so regarded."The soul not only continues to live after the physical death of the human body, but is, in fact, immortal."Know thou of a truth that the soul, after its separation from the body, will continue to progress until it attaineth the presence of God, in a state and condition which neither the revolution of ages and centuries, nor the changes and chances of this world, can alter.Heaven can be seen partly as the soul's state of nearness to God; and hell as a state of remoteness from God.Each state follows as a natural consequence of individual efforts, or the lack thereof, to develop spiritually.The soul's evolution is always towards God and away from the material world.Our time here is thus a period of preparation during which we are to acquire the spiritual and intellectual tools necessary for life in the next world.The crucial difference is that, whereas physical development in the mother's womb is involuntary, spiritual and intellectual development in this world depends strictly on conscious individual effort.Buddhist beliefs
Buddha taught that there is no permanent self in the conventional sense (anatta), what most people call self is a delusion or wrong view, not seeing things as they really are, (principally; lacking experiential insight of the five aggregates of clinging).This applies to humanity, as much as to anything else in the cosmos; thus, there is no unchanging and abiding self.Buddhists can speak in conventional terms of the "self" as a matter of convenience, but only under the conviction that ultimately "we" are changing "entities".In death, the body and mind disintegrate; if the disintegrating mind is still in the grip of delusion, it will cause the continuity of the consciousness to bounce back an arising mind to an awaiting being, that is, a fetus developing the ability to harbor consciousness.Tathagatagarbha, Rigpa, or "original nature".The concept of a person as a tulku provides even more controversy.For an ordinary person, skandhas cohere in a way that dissolves upon the person's death.Stephen Batchelor, notably, discusses this issue in his book Buddhism Without Beliefs.Some Buddhist sects hold the view that thought itself thinks: if you remove the thought, there's no thinker (self) to be found.Some say that the self endures after death, some say it perishes.Good and evil would be indifferent.Theravada Buddhism's stance on many beliefs of soul after Death are explained in the Brahmajala Sutta.Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources.Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.Christians believe that when people die their souls will be judged by God, who sees all the wrong and right that they have done during their lives.If they have repented of their sins and accepted Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, they will inherit eternal life in Heaven and enjoy eternal fellowship with God.This is the teaching of most evangelical, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, which constitute the majority of Christianity, though there are some Christians that believe the soul will be destroyed in hell, instead of suffering eternally.These include babies and righteous deaf and blind (who had no opportunity to hear the gospel) as well as all the righteous saints who lived before Jesus came and since but have yet to hear.God either rewards or punishes the soul.Theologian Frederick Buechner sums up this position in his 1973 book Whistling in the Dark: "...God in the first place."Augustine, one of the most influential early Christian thinkers, described the soul as "a special substance, endowed with reason, adapted to rule the body".The apostle Paul said that the "body wars against" the soul, and that "I buffet my body", to keep it under control.The soul, therefore, is not only logically distinct from any particular human body with which it is associated; it is also what a person is".Richard Swinburne, a Christian philosopher of religion at Oxford University, wrote that "it is a frequent criticism of substance dualism that dualists cannot say what souls are....Souls are immaterial subjects of mental properties.Souls are essential parts of human beings..."According to creationism, each individual soul is created directly by God, either at the moment of conception, or some later time (identical twins arise several cell divisions after conception, but no one would deny that they have whole souls).According to traducianism, the soul comes from the parents by natural generation.Roman Catholic beliefs:
The present Catechism of the Catholic Church defines the soul as "the innermost aspect of man, that which is of greatest value in him, that by which he is most especially in God's image: 'soul' signifies the spiritual principle in man."Every human being receives a soul at the moment of conception, and has rights and dignity equal to persons of further development, including the right to life.At the moment of death, the soul goes either to Purgatory, Heaven, or Hell.The Catholic Church teaches the creationist view of the origin of the soul: "The doctrine of the faith affirms that the spiritual and immortal soul is created immediately by God."Protestants generally believe in the soul's existence but do not generally believe in Purgatory.The soul sleep theory states that the soul goes to "sleep" at the time of death, and stays in this quiescent state until the last judgment.The "absent from the body, present with the Lord" theory states that the soul at the point of death, immediately becomes present at the end of time, without experiencing any time passing between.Adventists believe that the main definition of the term "Soul" is a combination of spirit (breath of life) and body, disagreeing with the view that the soul has a consciousness or sentient existence of its own (see soul sleep).They affirm this through Genesis 2:7 "And (God) breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul."Saints (Mormons) believe that the soul is the union of a spirit, which was previously created by God, and a body, which is formed by physical conception later.Breather, rather than a body containing an invisible entity such as in the popularized concept of Soul.Thus, Soul is used by them to mean a person rather than an invisible core entity associated with a spirit or a force which leaves the body at or after death.This is in line with their belief that Hell represents the grave and the possibility of eternal death for unbelievers rather than eternal torment.See Strong's Concordance under "soul", with the Biblical meaning that animals and people are souls, that souls are not immortal, but die; soul means the person; life as a person...Atma", meaning the individual soul or personality, and "Atman", which can also mean soul .GOD is described as Super soul.Hinduism contains many variant beliefs on the origin, purpose, and fate of the soul.Dvaita or dualistic concepts reject this, instead identifying the soul as part and parcel of super soul (GOD), but it never lose it's identity.It only transmigrates from one body to other body.The Bhagavad Gita, one of the most significant puranic scriptures, refers to the spiritual body or soul as Purusha (see also Sankhya philosophy).The Purusha is part and parcel of God, is unchanging (is never born and never dies), is indestructible, and, though essentially indivisible.Presence of soul is perceived by its consciousness.According to Bhagavad Gita, all living entities are soul proper.When soul leaves the body, then it is called death.This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes.Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.The quality of this article or section may be compromised by weasel words.You can help Wikipedia by removing weasel words.This little knowledge is of course in comparison to the knowledge of Allah (SWT).According to few verses from Qur'an though the following information can be deduced: In part 15 verse 29, the creation of man involves Allah "breathing" a soul into him.Both "Ruh" and "Nafs" are translated into soul causing much confusion concerning the two different concepts.There is no evidence at all that the Quran treats the soul (Ruh) as the place of feelings or thinking.Jain beliefs
According to Jainism, Soul (jiva) exists as a reality, having a separate existence from the body that houses it.As realization of the soul and its salvation are the highest objective to be attained, most of the Jaina texts deal with various aspects of the soul i.The Jiva (Soul) and other Dravyas (substances) are real.The soul manifests in the following form as a deva i.Though the soul experiences both birth and death, it is neither really destroyed nor created.Decay and origin refer respectively to the disappearing of the deva state and appearing of the human state or vice versa and these are merely the modes of the soul.Thus Jiva with its attributes and modes, roaming in samsara (universe), may lose its particular form and assume a new one.Again this form may be lost and the original acquired.The soul is without taste, colour and cannot be perceived by the five senses.Consciousness is its chief attribute.Know the soul to be free of any gender and not bound by any dimensions of shape and size.Hence the soul according to Jainism is indestructible and permanent from the point of view of substance.The soul is always found to be in bondage (with its karmas) since the beginingless time and hence continuously undergoes the cycle of birth and death in these four states of existence until it attains liberation (Moksha).Godhood by burning their karmas.Mundane souls are further classified on the basis of evolution of senses and faculties that it possesses.Consciousness characterized by Perception and Knowledge is the intrinsic quality of a Soul.Supreme Being as a creator and operator of this universe does not exist.The suffering and liberation of the soul are not dependent on any divine grace.Every soul has the capacity to achieve Godhood in its human birth.Liberation is permanent and irreversible.The liberated soul which is formless and incorporeal in nature experiences infinite knowledge, omniscience, infinite power and infinite bliss after liberation.Even after liberation and attainment of Godhood, the soul does not merge into any entity (as in other philosophies), but maintains its individuality.Jewish beliefs
Jewish views of the soul begin with the book of Genesis, in which verse 2:7 states, "Hashem formed man from the dust of the earth.New JPS)
The Torah offers no systematic definition of a soul; various descriptions of the soul exist in classical rabbinic literature.Deoth 6:3, explained classical rabbinic teaching about the soul.He held that the soul comprises that part of a person's mind which constitutes physical desire, emotion, and thought.Aristotelian philosophy, and viewed the soul as a person's developed intellect, which has no substance.Kabbalah (esoteric Jewish mysticism) saw the soul as having three elements.The Zohar, a classic work of Jewish mysticism, posits that the human soul has three elements, the nephesh, ru'ah, and neshamah.The living mortal being; it feels hunger, hates, loves, loathes, weeps, and most importantly, can die (cease to breathe).Animals also are a nephesh (they breathe air), but plants do not.Old Testament Theology, by Gerhard von Rad)
The next two parts of the soul are not implanted at birth, but are slowly created over time; their development depends on the actions and beliefs of the individual.It contains the moral virtues and the ability to distinguish between good and evil.This distinguishes man from all other life forms.In the Zohar, after death Nefesh disintegrates, Ruach is sent to a sort of intermediate zone where it is submitted to purification and enters in "temporary paradise", while Neshamah returns to the source, the world of Platonic ideas, where it enjoys "the kiss of the beloved".The Raaya Meheimna, a Kabbalistic tractate always published with the Zohar, posits two more parts of the human soul, the chayyah and yehidah.The part of the soul that allows one to have an awareness of the divine life force itself.These extra souls, or extra states of the soul, play no part in any afterlife scheme, but are mentioned for completeness.Since the age of classical prophecy passed, no one receives the soul of prophecy any longer.The supplemental soul that a Jew experiences on Shabbat.For more detail on Jewish beliefs about the soul see Jewish eschatology.Sikh Belief
Sikhism considers SOUL (atma) to be part of Universal Soul, which is GOD (Parmatma)."God is in the Soul and the Soul is in the God."For example: "The soul is divine; divine is the soul."The soul is the Lord, and the Lord is the soul; contemplating the Shabad, the Lord is found."Taoist View
There is a constant 9.Souls which are pure, in tune with tao or ways of tao elevate to heaven whilst the opposite to hell.All men have souls, borne in a state corresponding to his or her previous incarnate, and will either clense or clutter its purity as they live out their lives.This is the same process mystified the quest for immortality for mortals.See the article Egyptian soul for more details.These are the two parts which the ancient Chinese believed constitute every person's soul.And not only is the body duplicated under these conditions, but also the garments that clothe it.Operations of this type (along with teleportation), raise philosophical questions related to the concept of the Soul.Crisscrossing specific religions, the phenomenon of therianthropy and belief in the existence of otherkin also occur.Therianthropy involves the belief that a person or his soul has a spiritual, emotional, or mental connection with an animal.Such a belief may manifest itself in many forms, and many explanations for it often draw on a person's religious beliefs.Another fairly large segment of the population, not necessarily favoring organized religion, simply label themselves as "spiritual" and hold that both humans and all other living creatures have souls.Some further believe the entire universe has a cosmic soul as a spirit or unified consciousness.Such a conception of the soul may link with the idea of an existence before and after the present one, and one could consider such a soul as the spark, or the self, the "I" in existence that feels and lives life.Some believe souls in some way "echo" to the edges of this universe, or even to multiple universes with compiled multiple possibilities, each presented with a slightly different energy version of itself.Heinlein, for example, has explored such ideas.In Surat Shabda Yoga, the soul is considered to be an exact replica and spark of the Divine.Gurdjieff taught that no man is ever born with a soul.Rather, a man must create a soul during the course of his life.Without a soul, Gurdjieff taught that a man will "die like a dog."See talk page for details.Please remove this message once the section has been expanded.Agnostic beliefs
Some Agnostics believe humans cannot come to know whether soul(s) exist.This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.Much of the scientific study relating to the soul has been involved in investigating the soul as a human belief or as concept that shapes cognition and understanding of the world (see Memetics), rather than as an entity in and of itself.When modern scientists speak of the soul outside of this cultural and psychological context, it is generally as a poetic synonym for mind.Francis Crick's book The Astonishing Hypothesis, for example, has the subtitle, "The scientific search for the soul".Crick held the position that one can learn everything knowable about the human soul by studying the workings of the human brain.Depending on one's belief regarding the relationship between the soul and the mind, then, the findings of neuroscience may be relevant to one's understanding of the soul.The idea of the mind as software has led some scientists to use the word "soul" to emphasize their belief that the human mind has powers beyond or at least qualitatively different from what artificial software can do.Some have located the soul in this possible difference between the mind and a classical computer.Attempted demonstrations of the soul as distinct from the mind
During the late 19th and first half 20th century, researchers attempted to weigh people who were known to be dying, and record their weight accurately at the time of death.Duncan MacDougall, in the early 1900s, sought to measure the weight purportedly lost by a human body when the soul departed it upon death.MacDougall weighed dying patients in an attempt to prove that the soul was material and measurable.These experiments are widely considered to have had little, if any, scientific merit.Despite the fact that MacDougall's results varied considerably around 21 grams, for some people this figure has become synonymous as the measure of a soul's weight."MacDougall's results were flawed because the methodology used to harvest them was suspect, the sample size far too small, and the ability to measure changes in weight imprecise.For this reason, credence should not be given to the idea his experiments proved something, let alone that they measured the weight of the soul as 21 grams.His postulations on this topic are a curiosity, but nothing more."Research on the concept of the soul
In his book Consilience, E.Wilson took note that sociology has identified belief in a soul as one of the universal human cultural elements.Wilson suggested that biologists need to investigate how human genes predispose people to believe in a soul.Daniel Dennett has championed the idea that the human survival strategy depends heavily on adoption of the intentional stance, a behavioral strategy that predicts the actions of others based on the expectation that they have a mind like one's own (see theory of mind).The intentional stance, Dennett suggests, has proven so successful that people tend to apply it to all aspects of human experience, thus leading to animism and to other conceptualizations of soul.Rohde, Erwin, Psyche, 1928.The Evolution of the Soul.University Press of Virginia
Stevenson (1974).Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia
Stevenson (1983).University Press of Virginia
Stevenson (1997).Praeger Publishers
Wilson (1996).Publishers: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar.Further reading
Bremmer, Jan (1983).The Early Greek Concept of the Soul (PDF), Princeton: Princeton University Press.Christopher, Milbourne, Search for the Soul , Thomas Y.Crowell Publishers, 1979
McGraw, John J.External links
Our Real Identity: The Science of the Soul Summary from a lecture at the London School of Economics by H.Bhuta Bhavana dasa, a Hindu brahmin
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Ancient Theories of the Soul
The soul in Judaism at Chabad.The Old Testament Concept of the Soul by Heinrich J.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.For other uses, see Soul music (disambiguation).This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.See the talk page for details.Cultural origins:
late 1950s United States (esp.Soul music is a music genre that combines rhythm and blues and gospel music, originating in the United States.Origins
2 1970s and later
3 Soul subgenres
3.Detroit (Motown) soul
3.Deep soul and southern soul
3.Origins
Soul music has some of its roots in gospel music and rhythm and blues.Many consider soul music to be a genre of music created by African Americans in northern United States inner cities, particularly Chicago.Other areas, such as Detroit and Memphis, Tennessee quickly followed and created their own regional soul music style, due to their gospel roots.Sam Cooke, Nina Simone, Jackie Wilson, and Etta James were early popular stars of the music genre, and other soul forerunners include: Mahalia Jackson, Louis Jordan, Louis Prima, and Big Joe Turner.Some of the earliest soul artists included Ray Charles, Little Richard, and James Brown, although all were happy to call themselves rock and roll performers at the time.Little Richard proclaimed himself the "king of rockin' and rollin', rhythm and blues soulin'", because his music embodied elements of all three, and because he inspired artists in all three genres.Solomon Burke's early recordings for Atlantic Records codified the soul style, and his early 1960s songs "Cry to Me", "Just Out of Reach" and "Down in the Valley" are considered classics of the genre.In Memphis, Stax Records produced key soul recordings by Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett and Don Covay (who also recorded in New York City for Atlantic Records).Joe Tex's 1965 "The Love You Save" is a classic soul recording.An important center of soul music recording was Florence, Alabama, where the Fame Studios operated.Carr's "The Dark End of the Street" (written by Chips Moman and Dan Penn) was recorded at two other important Memphis studios, Royal Recording and American Sound Studios, in 1967.American Studios owner Chips Moman produced "The Dark End of the Street", and the musicians were his house band of Reggie Young, Bobby Woods, Tommy Cogbill and Gene Chrisman.Do Right Man", are considered the apogee of the soul music genre, and were among its most commercially successful productions.During the late 1960s, Stax artists such as Eddie Floyd and Johnnie Taylor made significant contributions to soul music.Howard Tate's recordings in the late 1960s for Verve Records, and later for Atlantic (produced by Jerry Ragovoy) are another notable body of work in the soul genre.Music by Motown artists such as Stevie Wonder, Gladys Knight, and Marvin Gaye did much to popularise the style, and the overall Motown sound did much to define what later became known as northern soul.In Chicago, Curtis Mayfield created the sweet soul sound that later earned him a reputation as the Godfather of northern soul.Family Stone began to evolve both soul and rhythm and blues into other forms.Guralnick argues that, "More than anything else, though, what seems to me to have brought the era of soul to a grinding, unsettling halt was the death of Martin Luther King in April of 1968."Later examples of soul music include recordings by The Staple Singers (such as I'll Take You There), and Al Green's 1970s recordings, done at Willie Mitchell's Royal Recording in Memphis.Bobby Womack, who recorded with Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued to produce soul recordings in the 1970s and 1980s.The city of Detroit produced some important later soul recordings.Producer Don Davis worked with Stax artists such as Johnnie Taylor and The Dramatics.The Detroit Emeralds, such as Do Me Right, are an important link between soul and the later disco style.Motown Records artists such as Marvin Gaye and Smokey Robinson contributed to the evolution of soul music, although their recordings were considered more in a pop music vein than those of Redding, Franklin and Carr.Lites are often considered part of the genre.By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres.More versatile groups like War, the Commodores and Earth, Wind and Fire became popular around this time.By the end of the 1970s, disco and funk were dominating the charts.After the death of disco in the early 1980s, soul music survived for a short time before going through yet another metamorphosis.Soul music from the United Kingdom has become popular worldwide, with artists such as Joss Stone and most recently Amy Winehouse.Omar, Soul To Soul, Loose Ends, Imagination, Mica Paris and Sade propagated the worldwide success of British soul.Notable British soul artists of the 2000's include Terri Walker, Beverley Knight, Corrine Bailey Rae, Julie Dexter and the Brand New Heavies.Detroit (Motown) soul
For more details on these topics, see Motown Records and Motown Sound.Dominated by Berry Gordy's Motown Records empire, Detroit soul is strongly rhythmic, and influenced by gospel music.Supremes, The Jackson 5, The Four Tops and Stevie Wonder.B's energy with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds.Dave, Rufus Thomas, William Bell, and Eddie Floyd among its stars.For more details on this topic, see Memphis soul.Memphis soul is a shimmering, sultry style of soul music produced in the 1960s and 1970s at Stax Records and Hi Records in Memphis, Tennessee.It featured melancholic and melodic horns, organ, bass, and drums, as heard in recordings by Hi's Al Green and Stax's Booker T.The Hi Records house band (Hi Rhythm Section) and producer Willie Mitchell developed a surging soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordings.Some Stax recordings fit into this style, but had their own unique sound.For more details on this topic, see Philadelphia soul.For more details on this topic, see Psychedelic soul.Family Stone, Curtis Mayfield, The Fifth Dimension, and (with producer Norman Whitfield) The Temptations and The Undisputed Truth.The term continued to be used in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly by the British media to describe a new generation of singers who adopted elements of the Stax and Motown sounds.To a lesser extent, the term has been applied to singers in other music genres that are influenced by soul music.Detroit Wheels, The Soul Survivors, Dusty Springfield and B.For more details on this topic, see Neo soul.Fook, Maxwell, D'Angelo and Soul II Soul.Erykah Badu, Lauryn Hill, Jill Scott and Angie Stone helped popularize the sound.Arie, Lalah Hathaway, Anthony Hamilton, Musiq, Amp Fiddler, Alicia Keys, Joss Stone, Floetry, Vivian Green, Leela James, Frank McComb, Goapele, N'dambi , as well as newcomers Conya Doss, Ledisi and Eric Roberson."Everybody Loves the Sunshine" albums)...Modern soul
The phrase northern soul was coined by journalist Dave Godin and popularised in 1970 through his column in Blues and Soul magazine.The term refers to rare soul music that was played by DJs at nightclubs in northern England.The playlists originally consisted of obscure 1960s and early 1970s American soul recordings with an uptempo beat, such as those on Motown Records and more obscure labels such as Okeh Records.Modern soul developed when northern soul DJs began looking in record shops in the United States and United Kingdom for music that was more complex and contemporary.Download sample of D'Angelo's "Untitled (How Does It Feel)" from Voodoo.D'Angelo is one of the most renowned male artists of the neo soul genre.Chapter on "Soul," by Guralnick, Peter.Liner notes for The Essential James Carr.America's Midwest in the genres of soul, gospel, and funk.He feared the soul of the deceased would haunt him.He was the very soul of tact.Americans or their culture: soul newspapers.The spiritual nature of humans, regarded as immortal, separable from the body at death, and susceptible to happiness or misery in a future state.Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.Sometimes said to mean originally "coming from or belonging to the sea," because that was supposed to be the stopping place of the soul before birth or after death.As a synonym for "person, individual" (e.Soulmate (1822) is first attested in Coleridge.Soulful "full of feeling" is attested from 1863.Hence Soul music, essentially gospel music with "girl" in place of "Jesus," etc.Also from this sense are soul brother (1957), soul food (1957), etc.Share This
soul In addition to the idiom beginning with soul, also see bare one's soul; heart and soul; keep body and soul together; kindred spirit (soul); living soul.The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust.Example: People often discuss whether animals and plants have souls.Example: She's a wonderful old soul.Example: He is the soul of the whole movement.Shop for books, music and more
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Thesaurus.Souls are often believed to be immortal.Even believers in souls always imagine them as being like human shaped clouds
or fogs.It is a delusion to believe that the concept of soul is conceivable.More promising is the work of those who see consciousness in terms of brain
functioning and who try to treat 'mental' illness as primarily a physical problem.The Future of an Illusion, translated from the German and edited
by James Strachey (New York: Norton, 1975).Body, Man, and Citizen, Elements of Philosophy
and Leviathan.The Concept of Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).THREE TENORS OF SOUL: PHILLY BRILLIANCEBy David Nathan with Gina Marie RaysonAt a time when the music marketplace is everchanging, innovative ideas for creative collaborations are sadly few and far between.Motown Magic, Philly Soul, '70s Funk and so much more!DAVID NATHAN, THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR OF SOUL'S BLOG!Join the Soul Music.Receive updates for Soul Music.COM SUPPORTSWE INVITE YOU TO DO SO TOO.You can read our original interview right here at the Soul Music.Will Downing will be cool with the title I gave this article.There has barely been a time when Mr.Join the Soul Music.Receive updates for Soul Music.ALRIGHTBy David NathanThe very first time I heard Ledisi I was at a party in Malibu.Donnie was there too....CDon sale at THE SOUL MUSIC STORE!THE SOUL MUSIC STOREThe No.The interactive home for Soul Music.Connect with other Soul Music Global members worldwide through private chat and message boards!Motown, Deep Soul, Northern Soul, Reissues, etc.Listen to rare soul music tracks!Listen to MP3s of rare soul music tracks and watch soul music video clips!Create your own web page and photo gallery!Write your own blogs and reviews of CDs, shows, videos, etc.!FREE MEMBERSHIP FOR MOST FEATURES!The question of the reality of the soul and its distinction from the body is among the most important problems of philosophy, for with it is bound up the doctrine of a future life.Various theories as to the nature of the soul have claimed to be reconcilable with the tenet of immortality, but it is a sure instinct that leads us to suspect every attack on the substantiality or spirituality of the soul as an assault on the belief in existence after death.The soul may be defined as the ultimate internal principle by which we think, feel, and will, and by which our bodies are animated.The term "mind" usually denotes this principle as the subject of our conscious states, while "soul" denotes the source of our vegetative activities as well.That our vital activities proceed from a principle capable of subsisting in itself, is the thesis of the substantiality of the soul: that this principle is not itself composite, extended, corporeal, or essentially and intrinsically dependent on the body, is the doctrine of spirituality.Even uncivilized peoples arrive at the concept of the soul almost without reflection, certainly without any severe mental effort.In the rude psychology of the primitive nations, the soul is often represented as actually migrating to and fro during dreams and trances, and after death haunting the neighbourhood of its body.Often, as among the Fijians, it is represented as a miniature replica of the body, so small as to be invisible.The Samoans have a name for the soul which means "that which comes and goes".Many peoples, such as the Dyaks and Sumatrans, bind various parts of the body with cords during sickness to prevent the escape of the soul.THE SOUL IN ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
Early literature bears the same stamp of Dualism.Veda" and other liturgical books of India, we find frequent references to the coming and going of manas (mind or soul).Indian philosophy, whether Brahminic or Buddhistic, with its various systems of metempsychosis, accentuated the distinction of soul and body, making the bodily life a mere transitory episode in the existence of the soul.Brahminism) or with attainment of Nirvana (Buddhism).Homer and the early Greek religion.In Homer, while the distinction of soul and body is recognized, the soul is hardly conceived as possessing a substantial existence of its own.Severed from the body, it is a mere shadow, incapable of energetic life.The philosophers did something to correct such views.The earliest school was that of the Hylozoists; these conceived the soul as a kind of cosmic force, and attributed animation to the whole of nature.Any natural force might be designated psyche: thus Thales uses this term for the attractive force of the magnet, and similar language is quoted even from Anaxagoras and Democritus.Other philosophers again described the soul's nature in terms of substance.The fundamental thought is the same.The Pythagoreans taught that the soul is a harmony, its essence consisting in those perfect mathematical ratios which are the law of the universe and the music of the heavenly spheres.All these early theories were cosmological rather than psychological in character.Theology, physics, and mental science were not as yet distinguished.It is only with the rise of dialectic and the growing recognition of the problem of knowledge that a genuinely psychological theory became possible.In Plato the two standpoints, the cosmological and the epistemological, are found combined.Pythagorean sources of the origin of the soul.It is composed of two elements, one an element of "sameness" (tauton), corresponding to the universal and intelligible order of truth, and the other an element of distinction or "otherness" (thateron), corresponding to the world of sensible and particular existences.The individual human soul is constructed on the same plan.Sometimes, as in the "Phaedrus", Plato teaches the doctrine of plurality of souls (cf.The rational soul was located in the head, the passionate or spirited soul in the breast, the appetitive soul in the abdomen.In the "Republic", instead of the triple soul, we find the doctrine of three elements within the complex unity of the single soul.The question of immortality was a principal subject of Plato's speculations.There is also an argument from the soul's necessary participation in the idea of life, which, it is argued, makes the idea of its extinction impossible.These various lines of argument are nowhere harmonized in Plato (see IMMORTALITY).The Platonic doctrine tended to an extreme Transcendentalism.Soul and body are distinct orders of reality, and bodily existence involves a kind of violence to the higher part of our composite nature.The body is the "prison", the "tomb", or even, as some later Platonists expressed it, the "hell" of the soul.In Aristotle this error is avoided.His definition of the soul as "the first entelechy of a physical organized body potentially possessing life" emphasizes the closeness of the union of soul and body.The difficulty in his theory is to determine what degree of distinctness or separateness from the matter of the body is to be conceded to the human soul.The Stoics taught that all existence is material, and described the soul as a breath pervading the body.Eight distinct parts of the soul were recognized by them: the ruling reason (to hegemonikon) the five senses; the procreative powers.Cleanthes and Chrysippus) admitted in the case of the wise man; others, such as Panaetius and Posidonius, denied even this, arguing that, as the soul began with the body, so it must end with it.Soul consists of the finest grained atoms in the universe, finer even than those of wind and heat which they resemble: hence the exquisite fluency of the soul's movements in thought and sensation.It is this which gives shape and consistency to the group.If this is destroyed, the atoms escape and life is dissolved; if it is injured, part of the soul is lost, but enough may be left to maintain life.The Lucretian version of Epicureanism distinguishes between animus and anima: the latter only is soul in the biological sense, the former is the higher, directing principle (to hegemonikon) in the Stoic terminology, whose seat is the heart, the centre of the cognitive and emotional life.Roman philosophy made no further progress in the doctrine of the soul in the age immediately preceding the Christian era.None of the existing theories had found general acceptance, and in the literature of the period an eclectic spirit nearly akin to Scepticism predominated.On the question of the soul he is by turns Platonic and Pythagorean, while he confesses that the Stoic and Epicurean systems have each an attraction for him.Such was the state of the question in the West at the dawn of Christianity.In Jewish circles a like uncertainty prevailed.The Sadducees were Materialists, denying immortality and all spiritual existence.Three terms are used for the soul: nephesh, nuah, and neshamah; the first was taken to refer to the animal and vegetative nature, the second to the ethical principle, the third to the purely spiritual intelligence.At all events, it is evident that the Old Testament throughout either asserts or implies the distinct reality of the soul.An important contribution to later Jewish thought was the infusion of Platonism into it by Philo of Alexandria.Platonic Dualism, attributing the origin of sin and evil to the union of spirit with matter.It was Christianity that, after many centuries of struggle, applied the final criticisms to the various psychologies of antiquity, and brought their scattered elements of truth to full focus.The tendency of Christ's teaching was to centre all interest in the spiritual side of man's nature; the salvation or loss of the soul is the great issue of existence.The Gospel language is popular, not technical.Body and soul are recognized as a dualism and their values contrasted: "Fear ye not them that kill the body .Paul we find a more technical phraseology employed with great consistency.Psyche is now appropriated to the purely natural life; pneuma to the life of supernatural religion, the principle of which is the Holy Spirit, dwelling and operating in the heart.According to this, man, perfect man (teleios) consists of three parts: body, soul, spirit (soma, psyche, pneuma).Body and soul come by natural generation; spirit is given to the regenerate Christian alone.Thus, the "newness of life", of which St.Paul speaks, was conceived by some as a superadded entity, a kind of oversoul sublimating the "natural man" into a higher species.This doctrine was variously distorted in the different Gnostic systems.The Gnostics divided man into three classes: pneumatici or spiritual, psychici or animal, choici or earthy.To each class they ascribed a different origin and destiny.They stand in a middle place, and may either rise to the spiritual or sink to the hylic level.Lastly, the earthy souls are a mere material emanation, destined to perish: the matter of which they are composed being incapable of salvation (me gar einai ten hylen dektiken soterias).Two features claim attention in this the earliest essay towards a complete anthropology within the Christian Church: an extreme spirituality is attributed to "the perfect"; immortality is conditional for the second class of souls, not an intrinsic attribute of all souls.It is probable that originally the terms pneumatici, psychici, and choici denoted at first elements which were observed to exist in all souls, and that it was only by an afterthought that they were employed, according to the respective predominance of these elements in different cases, to represent supposed real classes of men.The true genius of Christianity, expressed by the Fathers of the early centuries, rejected Gnosticism.The ascription to a creature of an absolutely spiritual nature, and the claim to endless existence asserted as a strictly de jure privilege in the case of the "perfect", seemed to them an encroachment on the incommunicable attributes of God.Justin, supposing that the doctrine of natural immortality logically implies eternal existence, rejects it, making this attribute (like Plato in the "Timaeus") dependent on the free will of God; at the same time he plainly asserts the de facto immortality of every human soul.The doctrine of conservation, as the necessary complement of creation, was not yet elaborated.Similarly, Tatian denies the simplicity of the soul, claiming that absolute simplicity belongs to God alone.Here again it would be rash to urge a charge of Materialism.Many of these writers failed to distinguish between corporeity in strict essence and corporeity as a necessary or natural concomitant.Thus the soul may itself be incorporeal and yet require a body as a condition of its existence.At the same time, he teaches fairly explicitly the incorporeal nature of the soul.He also sometimes uses what seems to be the language of the Trichotomists, as when he says that in the Resurrection men shall have each their own body, soul, and spirit.But such an interpretation is impossible in view of his whole position in regard to the Gnostic controversy.By assigning a literal divinity to a certain small aristocracy of souls, Gnosticism set aside the doctrine of Creation and the whole Christian idea of God's relation to man.On the other side, by its extreme dualism of matter and spirit, and its denial to matter (i.The orthodox teacher had to emphasize: the soul's distinction from God and subjection to Him; its affinities with matter.Divine nature and its radical distinction from matter, were apt to be obscured in comparison.Indeed, similar errors have accompanied almost every subsequent form of heterodox Illuminism and Mysticism.Tertullian's treatise "De Anima" has been called the first Christian classic on psychology proper.The author aims to show the failure of all philosophies to elucidate the nature of the soul, and argues eloquently that Christ alone can teach mankind the truth on such subjects.Tertullian is the founder of the theory of Traducianism, which derives the rational soul ex traduce, i.For Tertullian this was a necessary consequence of Materialism.Theologians have long abandoned it, however, in favour of Creationism, as it seems to compromise the spirituality of the soul."Soul" is properly degraded spirit: flesh is a condition of alienation and bondage (cf.Platonism, which through St.The primeval and eternal One begets by emanation nous (intelligence); and from nous in turn springs psyche (soul), which is the image of nous, but distinct from it.Soul has relations to both ends of the scale of reality, and its perfection lies in turning towards the Divine Unity from which it came.Platonist recognized the absolute primacy of the soul with respect to the body.Similarly Plotinus prefers to say that the body is in the soul rather than vice versa: and he seems to have been the first to conceive the peculiar manner of the soul's location as an undivided and universal presence pervading the organism (tota in toto et tota in singulis partibus).It is impossible to give more than a very brief notice of the psychology of St.He is the founder of the introspective method.The following are perhaps the chief points for our present purpose: he opposes body and soul on the ground of the irreducible distinction of thought and extension (cf.Augustine, however, lays more stress on the volitional activities than did the French Idealists.Like Aristotle he makes the soul the final cause of the body.As God is the Good or Summum Bonum of the soul, so is the soul the good of the body.The origin of the soul is perhaps beyond our ken.He never definitely decided between Traducianism and Creationism.As regards spirituality, he is everywhere most explicit, but it is interesting as an indication of the futile subtleties current at the time to find him warning a friend against the controversy on the corporeality of the soul, seeing that the term "corpus" was used in so many different senses."Corpus, non caro" is his own description of the angelic body.This fusion produced sometimes, notably in Scotus Eriugena, a pantheistic theory of the soul.All individual existence is but the development of the Divine life, in which all things are destined to be resumed.Thomas, with the rest of the Schoolmen, amends this portion of the Aristotelean tradition, accepting the rest with no important modifications.Thomas's doctrine is briefly as follows: the rational soul, which is one with the sensitive and vegetative principle, is the form of the body.This was defined as of faith by the Council of Vienne of 1311; the soul is a substance, but an incomplete substance, i.It is not wholly immersed in matter, its higher operations being intrinsically independent of the organism; the rational soul is produced by special creation at the moment when the organism is sufficiently developed to receive it.Thomas's teaching, and maintain that a fully rational soul is infused into the embryo at the first moment of its existence.THE SOUL IN MODERN THOUGHT
Modern speculations respecting the soul have taken two main directions, Idealism and Materialism.Agnosticism need not be reckoned as a third and distinct answer to the problem, since, as a matter of fact, all actual agnosticisms have an easily recognized bias towards one or other of the two solutions aforesaid.History
Descartes conceived the soul as essentially thinking (i.The two are thus simply disparate realities, with no vital connection between them.This is significantly marked by his theory of the soul's location in the body.Thus, to say the least, the soul's biological functions are made very remote and indirect, and were in fact later on reduced almost to a nullity: the lower life was violently severed from the higher, and regarded as a simple mechanism.In the Cartesian theory animals are mere automata.It is only by the Divine assistance that action between soul and body is possible.The Occasionalists went further, denying all interaction whatever, and making the correspondence of the two sets of facts a pure result of the action of God.The superior monad (soul) and the aggregate of inferior monads which go to make up the body are like two clocks constructed with perfect art so as always to agree.They register alike, but independently: they are still two clocks, not one.This awkward Dualism was entirely got rid of by Spinoza.For him there is but one, infinite substance, of which thought and extension are only attributes.Thought comprehends extension, and by that very fact shows that it is at root one with that which it comprehends.The alleged irreducible distinction is transcended: soul and body are neither of them substances, but each is a property of the one substance.This is the meaning of the definition, "Soul is the Idea of Body".Soul is the counterpart within the sphere of the attribute of thought of that particular mode of the attribute of extension which we call the body.Such was the fate of Cartesianism.English Idealism had a different course.Berkeley had begun by denying the existence of material substance, which he reduced merely to a series of impressions in the sentient mind.Hume finished the argument by dissolving mind itself into its phenomena, a loose collection of "impressions and ideas".James's assertion that "the passing thought is itself the Thinker", which "appropriates" all past thoughts in the "stream of consciousness", simply blinks the question.Writers, therefore, who make thought a mere "secretion of the brain" or a "phosphorescence" of its substance (Vogt, Moleschott) may be simply ignored.Materialists themselves, that there is an impassable chasm between the two classes of facts.The two orders of facts are therefore perfectly continuous, and, though they may be superficially different yet they must be after all radically one.There is no analogy for an epiphenomenon being separated by an "impassable chasm" from the causal series to which it belongs.The term is, in fact, a mere verbal subterfuge.The only sound principle in such arguments is the principle that essential or "impassable" distinctions in the effect can be explained only by similar distinctions in the cause.This is the principle on which Dualism as we have explained it, rests.The mutual compenetration of soul and body in their activities is just what Catholic philosophy (anticipating positive science) had taught for centuries.Evolutionism endeavours to explain the origin of the soul from merely material forces.Spirit is not the basis and principle; rather it is the ultimate efflorescence of the Cosmos.If we ask then "what was the original basis out of which spirit and all things arose?"This system must be treated as Materialistic Monism.The answer to it is that, as the outcome of the Unknowable has a spiritual character, the Unknowable itself (assuming its reality) must be spiritual.As regards monistic systems generally, it belongs rather to cosmology to discuss them.We take our stand on the consciousness of individual personality, which consciousness is a distinct deliverance of our very highest faculties, growing more and more explicit with the strengthening of our moral and intellectual being.Such is the Catholic doctrine on the nature, unity, substantiality, spirituality, and origin of the soul.It recognizes the physical conditions of the soul's activity with the Materialist, and its spiritual aspect with the Idealist, while with the Monist it insists on the vital unity of human life.The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIV.New York: Robert Appleton Company.Nihil Obstat, July 1, 1912.Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.Hosted by Trinity Consulting.Since 1996, SOUL grew up within the Bay Area's vibrant youth organizing sector.Detroit Summer in Training for Trainers (Fall 2004).Garza faciilitates a political education training (Summer '04).Training for Trainers (Fall 2004).Participants in Training for Trainers (Fall 2004).Malaika Parker and Maddy Bassi in Training for Trainers (Spring 2004).SOUL Summer School 2004.What a great band,
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